Abstract: Intra-cavity and/or inter-cavity sub-resonators with dielectric coated mirrors have anti-reflection and high-reflection coatings to attain high efficiency third and higher order harmonics generation of laser radiation. Main-resonators and sub-resonators enhance the fundamental and harmonic oscillations, respectively, which result in high conversion efficiency of third harmonics and higher. Such improved lasing efficiency may be implemented in high power lasers for improved power performance to attain over 8 W of UV output power with a high repetition rate. The use of intra-cavity THG techniques provide high efficiency by using existing high intensities of the input fundamental frequencies available in the intra-cavity region of the laser to avoid damage to components of the laser, such as the laser crystal. The THG utilizes a double-pass and/or multi-pass arrangement, which results in about a 60% increase in output power compared to a single-pass configuration.

Abstract: Stable dispersions of solids, especially pigments, are obtained by distributing a solid having acidic groups on its surface in a liquid medium comprising an amine having at least one aliphatic chain of more than 5 carbon atoms, a non-ionic and/or an anionic surfactant having one or more aliphatic chains with a total of more than 5 carbon atoms and an organic water-miscible solvent. These dispersions are easily distributable in hydrophobic and in hydrophilic systems.

Abstract: Dispersions containing (a) a pigment, (b) an oxalkylated novolak, (c) urea and/or a compound containing at least 2 long-chain aliphatic groups and which are connected via a bridge member containing ester and/or amide groups, and (d) water and/or agents retarding drying up, and, optionally, usual adjuvants, are useful for pigmenting natural or synthetic materials, especially aqueous systems containing cellulose ethers.

Abstract: Stable dispersions of pigments are obtained by finely distributing inorganic and/or organic pigments in water and/or agents preventing or retarding the drying-up of the dispersions containing condensation products of aromatic hydroxy compounds and alkanals as well as surfactants, said condensation products and surfactants containing aliphatic carbon chains of more than 5 carbon atoms. The dispersions are compatible with hydrophilic and hydrophobic media.

Abstract: Easily dispersible preparations of organic pigments are obtained by coating the pigment particles with essentially colorless aromatic compounds having a molecular structure being similar to that of the pigment and having an aliphatic chain of more than 5 carbon atoms. These preparations are stable to flocculation and useful for pigmenting hydrophilic and hydrophobic media.

Abstract: Dispersions of inorganic and organic pigments containing an alkylene oxide adduct on long-chain aliphatic amines and an anionic surfactant having an aliphatic radical of 3 to 40 carbon atoms can easily be distributed in hydrophilic and hydrophobic media and yield colorations of high tinctorial strength and purity of shade.