Abstract: Sensors include an optical source configured to emit a beam directed to an opposing surface having a reflectance pattern, and an optical detector situated in relation to the optical source to detect a portion of the beam reflected by the opposing surface and to produce an output signal that varies based on (i) a relative displacement between the reflectance pattern and the optical detector and (ii) a spatially variable reflectance resulting from the relative displacement. Reflectance patterns can be spatially variable and/or randomly arranged. Displacements in a compressive or tensile direction can be detected. Methods of operation and fabrication of sensors are also disclosed.

Abstract: DESCRIBED HEREIN ARE SYSTEMS, APPARATUS, METHODS AND COMPUTER PROGRAM PRODUCTS CONFIGURED FOR DETERMINATION OF RECOMMENDED PROJECT TEAMS BASED ON IMPERFECT INFORMATION. IN CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS, A DISTANCE FUNCTION MAY BE UTILIZED TO DETERMINE THE RECOMMENDED PROJECT TEAM AND/OR DETERMINE ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN TO IMPROVE A POTENTIAL PROJECT TEAM. THUS, FOR EXAMPLE, PROJECT TEAM MEMBERS MAY BE RECOMMENDED FOR UPSKILLING BEFORE THE PROJECT KICKS OFF. UPSKILLING OF CERTAIN MEMBERS MAY ALLOW FOR OPTIMIZATION OF THE PROJECT TEAM. ADDITIONAL OPTIMIZATION MAY ALSO BE RECOMMENDED AND/OR PERFORMED, AS DESCRIBED HEREIN.