Abstract: Fibers, pipes, rods, strips or profiles made of high-melting inorganic oxides or minerals are used in great quantities, for example for reinforcing plastics, ceramics and metals. In order to produce said products, use is made of apparatuses comprising a melt container with an individual orifice, or orifice plate with a multiplicity of orifices, arranged in the base of the melt container. The melt in the melt container has to be kept at as homogeneous as possible an operating temperature above the individual orifice or orifice plate. For this purpose, the melt container is usually heated by a direct through flow of current. This results in high radiation losses to the surroundings and to a correspondingly high need for electric energy. It is proposed, for the heating of the melt, to arrange one or more pipes in the melt container, the pipes having at least one connection to the outside through the container casing, and electric heating elements being inserted into the pipes.

Abstract: In a first embodiment the invention relates to a process for producing a dispersoid-strengthened material, comprising the steps of: (i) providing metal particles, wherein the metal is selected from platinum group metals, gold, silver, nickel and copper, as well as alloys thereof; (ii) mixing the metal particles with a precursor compound of the dispersoid and solvent; (iii) removing the solvent, so as to obtain metal particles provided with precursor compound; and (iv) compacting the metal particles provided with precursor compound in order to obtain the dispersoid-strengthened material, wherein the precursor compound is converted into the dispersoid during the compacting operation.

Abstract: In a method for operating a spark-ignition, direct-injection internal combustion engine, wherein fuel is injected into a cylinder of the internal combustion engine and is ignited by a spark plug as a function of at least the load of the internal combustion engine, a crank angle is determined at which a first amount of fuel is injected into the cylinder during the intake stroke whereby a lean mixture is formed in the cylinder, subsequently, as a function of at least the load of the internal combustion engine, a crank angle is determined at which a second amount of fuel is injected, whereby a mixture cloud, which is richer than the lean mixture is formed in the lean mixture and a third amount of fuel is injected in the form of a stratified injection for forming a locally enriched and ignitable fuel/air mixture in the region of the spark plug close to an ignition time which is then ignited by the spark plug causing also combustion of the mixture cloud and the lean mixture.

Abstract: Fibers, pipes, rods, strips or profiles made of high-melting inorganic oxides or minerals are used in great quantities, for example for reinforcing plastics, ceramics and metals. In order to produce said products, use is made of apparatuses comprising a melt container with an individual orifice, or orifice plate with a multiplicity of orifices, arranged in the base of the melt container. The melt in the melt container has to be kept at as homogeneous as possible an operating temperature above the individual orifice or orifice plate. For this purpose, the melt container is usually heated by a direct through flow of current. This results in high radiation losses to the surroundings and to a correspondingly high need for electric energy. It is proposed, for the heating of the melt, to arrange one or more pipes in the melt container, the pipes having at least one connection to the outside through the container casing, and electric heating elements being inserted into the pipes.

Abstract: In a method for operating a spark-ignition, direct-injection internal combustion engine, wherein fuel is injected into a cylinder of the internal combustion engine and is ignited by a spark plug as a function of at least the load of the internal combustion engine, a crank angle is determined at which a first amount of fuel is injected into the cylinder during the intake stroke whereby a lean mixture is formed in the cylinder, subsequently, as a function of at least the load of the internal combustion engine, a crank angle is determined at which a second amount of fuel is injected, whereby a mixture cloud, which is richer than the lean mixture is formed in the lean mixture and a third amount of fuel is injected in the form of a stratified injection for forming a locally enriched and ignitable fuel/air mixture in the region of the spark plug close to an ignition time which is then ignited by the spark plug causing also combustion of the mixture cloud and the lean mixture.

Abstract: In a method for operating a spark-ignition internal combustion engine with direct fuel injection in the post-start phase at low temperatures, fuel is supplied to the combustion air in a pilot injection (MH) of a first fuel quantity during an intake stroke of the internal combustion engine such that the pilot injection (MH) forms a homogeneous, lean air/fuel mixture (?>1) in substantially the entire combustion chamber, and a main injection (MS) of a second fuel quantity is subsequently injected into the combustion chamber during a compression stroke directly before the ignition time (ZT), said main injection (MS) forming in the region of the spark plug a stratified, rich air/fuel mixture (?<1), which is then ignited by the spark plug.

Abstract: In a first embodiment the invention relates to a process for producing a dispersoid-strengthened material, comprising the steps of: (i) providing metal particles, wherein the metal is selected from platinum group metals, gold, silver, nickel and copper, as well as alloys thereof; (ii) mixing the metal particles with a precursor compound of the dispersoid and solvent; (iii) removing the solvent, so as to obtain metal particles provided with precursor compound; and (iv) compacting the metal particles provided with precursor compound in order to obtain the dispersoid-strengthened material, wherein the precursor compound is converted into the dispersoid during the compacting operation.

Abstract: In a method of operating a spark ignition internal combustion engine with direct fuel injection wherein combustion air is supplied to a combustion chamber, fuel is injected into the combustion air during an intake stroke via a fuel injector in a pilot injection using a first fuel quantity so as to from a homogeneous lean air/fuel mixture in substantially the entire combustion chamber, in a main injection subsequently a second fuel quantity is injected in multiple injection steps just before ignition time so as to form a stratified rich air/fuel mixture in the area of a spark plug and the stratified fuel charge is then ignited 2° CA to 10° CA after completion of the injection of the main stratified injection.

Abstract: In a method for operating a spark-ignition internal combustion engine with direct fuel injection in the post-start phase at low temperatures, fuel is supplied to the combustion air in a pilot injection (MH) of a first fuel quantity during an intake stroke of the internal combustion engine such that the pilot injection (MH) forms a homogeneous, lean air/fuel mixture (?>1) in substantially the entire combustion chamber, and a main injection (MS) of a second fuel quantity is subsequently injected into the combustion chamber during a compression stroke directly before the ignition time (ZT), said main injection (MS) forming in the region of the spark plug a stratified, rich air/fuel mixture (?<1), which is then ignited by the spark plug.

Abstract: In a method of operating a spark ignition internal combustion engine with direct fuel injection wherein combustion air is supplied to a combustion chamber, fuel is injected into the combustion air during an intake stroke via a fuel injector in a pilot injection using a first fuel quantity so as to from a homogeneous lean air/fuel mixture in substantially the entire combustion chamber, in a main injection subsequently a second fuel quantity is injected in multiple injection steps just before ignition time so as to form a stratified rich air/fuel mixture in the area of a spark plug and the stratified fuel charge is then ignited 2° CA to 10° CA after completion of the injection of the main stratified injection.

Abstract: In a method of operating an internal combustion engine with direct fuel injection such that, in the engine startup period, a three-way catalytic converter disposed in the engine exhaust system is rapidly heated to a working temperature, in that a fuel quantity which is injected is injected in two separate injection steps with the first fuel volume being injected during the intake stroke and the second fuel volume being injected during the expansion stroke so as to form immediately before the ignition instant a rich stratified charge cloud in the region of the spark plug thereby ensuring reliable ignition of the stratified cloud while, overall, achieving a lean fuel/air mix in the combustion chamber.

Abstract: In a method of operating an internal combustion engine with direct fuel injection such that, in the engine startup period, a three-way catalytic converter disposed in the engine exhaust system is rapidly heated to a working temperature, in that a fuel quantity which is injected is injected in two separate injection steps with the first fuel volume being injected during the intake stroke and the second fuel volume being injected during the expansion stroke so as to form immediately before the ignition instant a rich stratified charge cloud in the region of the spark plug thereby ensuring reliable ignition of the stratified cloud while, overall, achieving a lean fuel/air mix in the combustion chamber.

Abstract: The present invention provides a surface coating of platinum in which the coating is formed from platinum in a black modification. This can be obtained by applying an organic platinum complex compound with platinum in the oxidation state 0 that decomposes thermally at temperatures below 200° C., or a coating composition which consists substantially of such a platinum complex compound, to the surface of a substrate and then thermally decomposing the platinum complex compound. The surface coatings can be used in many ways, for example as protective layers against mechanical and/or chemical and/or thermal effects, as antiadhesion layers, as antireflective layers or as catalytically active layers.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of treating a component which is intended for a facility for producing or preparing glass melts and has surfaces which are made of noble metal and come into contact with glass melts during operation.