Abstract: A system verifying an item in a package comprises a package producer and a verifier. The package producer produces a package with a label, wherein the package includes an item each with one or more selected tag identifiers that are placed in a location on the item. The verifier verifies the item using 1) the one or more selected tag identifiers as detected using a spectral measurement or 2) a location or a shape of the one or more selected tag identifiers on the item, and 3) the label as read using a label reader.

Abstract: A system verifying an item in a package comprises a package producer and a verifier. The package producer produces a package with a label, wherein the package includes an item each with one or more selected tag identifiers that are placed in a location on the item. The verifier verifies the item using 1) the one or more selected tag identifiers as detected using a spectral measurement or 2) a location or a shape of the one or more selected tag identifiers on the item, and 3) the label as read using a label reader.

Abstract: A system for manufacturing a label comprises a tag reader a computer, and a label writer. The tag reader determines an identifier based at least in part on a data read by the tag reader. The computer receives an identifier, a key, and a goods information and provides a message authentication code. The label writer receives the message authentication code and provides a label.

Abstract: A system for verifying an item in a package using a database comprises a database and a verifier. A package producer provides the database with an identifier for one or more items each of a type, wherein the package producer produces a package, where the package includes the one or more items each of the type with an associated one or more selected tag identifiers that are placed in a location on an item of the one or more items. The verifier verifies the one or more items of the type using 1) the associated one or more selected tag identifiers as detected using a spectral measurement or 2) a tag characteristic as detected using an imager, and 3) the identifier retrieved from the database.

Abstract: A system for packaging an item with an identifier comprises an identifier adder, a labeler, and a packager. The identifier adder adds one or more types of silica-based tags to an item, wherein each type of silica-based tag has a first signature readable using an optical spectroscopic reader. A label is generated based at least in part on reading the one or more types of silica-based tags of the item using the optical spectroscopic reader. The label includes goods info. The packager includes the label on a package, and wherein the packager includes the item in the package.

Abstract: A system and method are disclosed for recording information on a phase change medium is disclosed. The method includes irradiating a region of the phase change medium with a first dose of laser energy. A first portion of the region is irradiated with a second dose of laser energy in a manner that causes the first portion of the region irradiated with the second dose of laser energy to be in a different state than a second portion of the region that is not irradiated by the second dose of laser energy.

Abstract: The present invention is a system for reading a CD having a surface with a multiple level data track including a laser, a focusing and positioning system configured in a way which causes the laser to follow the multiple level data track, a detector which converts the light which is reflected from the data track to an electrical signal, a digital signal processing unit configured to receive the electrical signal including a scaling-function generator for determining a plurality of signal windows from the electrical signal, and a multiple level analog to digital converter which determines a data level based on the signal windows and the electrical signal whereby multiple data levels may be read from the CD.

Abstract: An optical microscope for examining surface features of a target surface, at a resolution, in one dimension, in the picometer-to-nanometer range. The microscope includes a laser for use in producing a coherent output light beam, a lens for focusing the output beam onto a target, and a photodetector for measuring the power output of the beam. The focused beam is moved relative to the target surface in a defined position-dependent pattern, with a portion of the light reflected from the target surface being reflected back into the laser. Changes in the measured power of the laser are converted to position-dependent surface displacements, in the direction of the output beam.

Abstract: An optical data storage apparatus and disc in which information is stored in the form of multiple submicron depths at information-storage sites on the disc surface. The depth information is read by directing a focused laser beam onto the storage sites, back reflecting a portion of the reflected beam into the laser cavity, and converting power fluctuations in the laser beam to submicron distance measurements.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for measuring nanometer or picometer surface displacements in a target surface. A laser beam is directed against the target surface, and time-dependent variations in laser output power are measured. These variations, which are due to non-specular reflection of the incident beam by the target and reentry of the retroreflected light into the laser cavity, are used to determine time-dependent displacements at the target surface, based on a linear relationship between the measured power variations and surface displacements. The invention is useful for determining microscopic surface features of a surface, for high-density laser optical disc data storage and retrieval, and as an ultrasensitive transducer for sound or mechanical vibrations.