Abstract: Provided are new compounds useful as near infrared fluorophoric markers. In the practice of this invention a method is also provided for tagging thermoplastic containers using near infrared fluorescing compounds or copolymerized residues readily capable of detection. The new compounds are phthalocyanine and naphthalocyanine derivatives which are covalently bonded to substituted silicon and aluminum compounds. The methods, compositions, and compounds described herein thus provide a total system useful for marking, for identification purposes, the various classes of thermoplastic wastes, so that they can be identified, sorted, and subsequently recycled.

Abstract: Provided is a method for tagging thermoplastic containers using near infrared fluorescing compounds or copolymerized residues readily capable of detection. Also provided is a method for identifying a thermoplastic container. Also provided are thermoplastic polymer compositions comprised of the near infrared fluorescing compounds or residues and articles comprised of such compositions.

Abstract: This invention provides a method for imparting invisible markings for identification purposes to petroleum hydrocarbons by incorporating one or more infrared fluorescing compounds therein. Certain infrared fluorophores from the classes of squaraines (derived from squaric acid), phthalocyanines and naphthalocyanines are useful in providing invisibly marked petroleum hydrocarbons such as crude oil, lubricating oils, waxes, gas oil (furnace oil), diesel oil, kerosene and in particular gasoline. The near infrared fluorophores are added to the hydrocarbons at extremely low levels and are detected by exposing the marked hydrocarbon compositions to near infrared radiation having a wavelength in the 670-850 nm range and then detecting the emitted fluorescent light via near infrared light detection means.

Abstract: Provided is a method for tagging thermoplastic containers using near infrared fluorescing compounds or copolymerized residues readily capable of detection. Also provided is a method for identifying a thermoplastic container. Also provided are thermoplastic polymer compositions comprised of the near infrared fluorescing compounds or residues and articles comprised of such compositions. Also provided are new compounds useful as near infrared fluorophoric markers in the practice of this invention. The methods, compositions, and compounds of the present invention thus provide a total system useful for marking, for identification purposes, the various classes of thermoplastic wastes, so that they can be identified, sorted, and subsequently recycled.

Abstract: Provided are water-dissipatable, sulfo-containing polyesters and polyester-amides having copolymerized therein thermally stable near infrared flourophoric compounds. The polymers are useful in coating or ink compositions, which are in turn useful for marking articles for identification/authentication purposes. Also provided is a method for invisibly marking such articles and a method for detecting and sorting articles by utilizing the near infrared flourophoric ink or coating compositions.

Abstract: Provided is a method for tagging thermoplastic containers using near infrared fluorescing compounds or copolymerized residues readily capable of detection. Also provided is a method for identifying a thermoplastic container. Also provided are thermoplastic polymer compositions comprised of the near infrared fluorescing compounds or residues and articles comprised of such compositions. Also provided are new compounds useful as near infrared fluorophoric markers in the practice of this invention. The methods, compositions, and compounds of the present invention thus provide a total system useful for marking, for identification purposes, the various classes of thermoplastic wastes, so that they can be identified, sorted, and subsequently recycled.

Abstract: Provided are water-dissipatable, sulfo-containing polyesters and polyester-amides having copolymerized therein thermally stable near infrared flourophoric compounds. The polymers are useful in coating or ink compositions, which are in turn useful for marking articles for identification/authentication purposes. Also provided is a method for invisibly marking such articles and a method for detecting and sorting articles by utilizing the near infrared flourophoric ink or coating compositions.

Abstract: Provided are water-dissipatable, sulfo-containing polyesters and polyester-amides having copolymerized therein thermally stable near infrared flourophoric compounds. The polymers are useful in coating or ink compositions, which are in turn useful for marking articles for identification/authentication purposes. Also provided is a method for invisibly marking such articles and a method for detecting and sorting articles by utilizing the near infrared flourophoric ink or coating compositions.

Abstract: Electrochemical process for preparing diaryliodonium salts using a single compartment and a carbon anode. The process has high current efficiency and, optionally, increased para, para' regioselectivity. The process proceeds in the presence of a solvent such as acetic acid and an electrolyte such as a compound of fluorine or sulfuric acid.

Abstract: A device for in situ cleaning a fouled membrane of a sensor disposed in an aqueous process solution includes a first electrolysis electrode disposed in the process solution immediately adjacent the membrane, a second electrolysis electrode disposed in the process solution and spaced apart from the first electrolysis electrode, and a controllable power source for passing a current between said first and second electrodes. The current produces a heavy concentration of ions at a surface of the fouled membrane. The polarity of the current is selectable to produce negative or positive ions for reacting to decompose deposited salts, or to scrub contaminates from the membrane surface.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the preparation of .alpha.-iodocarbonyl compounds such as .alpha.-iodocarboxylic acid anhydrides and .alpha.-iodoketones by the reaction of a carboxylic anhydride with molecular iodine. Hydrolysis of the .alpha.-iodocarboxylic acid anhydrides gives the corresponding .alpha.-iodocarboxylic acids.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the coproduction of (1) an alkyl iodide and (2) an .alpha.-iodocarboxylic acid, a mono-.alpha.-iodocarboxylic anhydride or a mixture thereof which comprises contacting a mixture of an iodine compound and a carboxylic anhydride with a peroxide at an elevated temperature.

Abstract: A dissolved oxygen measurement system includes real time monitoring and calibrating of a dissolved oxygen sensor. The sensor includes a pair of measuring electrodes, an electrolyte, and a pair of closely spaced electrolysis electrodes. The housing includes a permeable membrane and is immersed in the process solution. A computer is provided, programmed to perform dissolved oxygen concentration measurement, and continuous monitoring of the membrane impedance and sensor condition. A test electrode is disposed in the process solution adjacent the membrane and is driven by a low level pseudorandom binary signal from the computer producing a current through the membrane impedance which is monitored by the computer. Small pulses of direct current are passed between the electrolysis electrodes, producing small increases in oxygen.

Abstract: A device for use in a system for providing on-line, real-time monitoring of the condition of a sensor immersed in a process solution, the sensor having a membrane, by periodically generating known changes in characteristics of the process solution adjacent the membrane, the device providing a fixed volume of the process solution adjacent the membrane, the fixed volume being independent of a flow rate of the process solution. The device include a shield of non-conductive material, and having a retracted position permitting flow of the process solution past membrane, and an extended position enclosing the membrane to provide a fixed, stationary volume of process solution adjacent said membrane. The shield is selectively moved from its retracted position to its extended position during monitoring of the condition of the sensor.

Abstract: In a real time, on-line pH measurement of an aqueous solution, a system provides continuous data on the physical condition of the pH sensor. The system includes a pH sensor having a membrane disposed in the process solution with a first external electrode attached to outer surface of the membrane and a second external electrode adjacent the sensor. The two electrodes in the solution are periodically driven by a short time duration dc signal producing a direct current between the two electrodes. The direction of the current through the solution is periodically reversed. This action results in electrolysis of the H.sub.2 O molecules of the solution between the two electrodes producing controlled changes in hydrogen ion concentration at the sensor. One current direction produces an increase in pH and the other direction produces a decrease in pH.

Abstract: In a real time, on-line pH measurement of a process solution, a system provides a continuous data of the physical condition of the pH sensor. The system includes a pH sensor having a glass membrane disposed in the process solution and two electrodes in the solution adjacent the sensor. The two electrodes in the solution are periodically driven by a short time duration dc signal producing a dc current between the two electrodes. This action results in electrolysis ofo the H.sub.2 O molecules of the solution at the two electrodes and a resulting decrease in hydrogen ion concentration (a rise in pH value) in the region of the sensor. The sensor response to the increase in pH in the solution is a direct indicator of the complete sensor and system performance and is monitored and analyzed. Visual readouts and threshold alarm circuits are provided which indicate changes in the sensor response to the pH change indicative of a sensor or system degradation or fault.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for recovering rhodium catalyst values from "tars" formed during the preparation of acetic anhydride by the rhodium catalyzed carbonylation of a mixture of methyl iodide and methyl acetate and/or dimethyl ether. The disclosed process provides a means for the recovery of rhodium values which normally are not extracted from the tars by treating a methyl iodide solution of such tars with certain oxidants.

Abstract: A system for real time, on-line dissolved oxygen (DO) measurement of a process solution provides continuous data of the physical condition of the DO sensor and of the entire system performance. A DO sensor is disposed in the solution with two external electrodes adjacent thereto. A time-varying low level signal is applied to one electrode producing a current through the sensor membrane and grounded electrode, which is detected by a cross-correlation circuit to monitor the membrane impedance. The other electrode is periodically driven by a short, low level dc pulse, producing electrolysis of the water between the two electrodes, and generating a small, repeatable amount of oxygen ions. The sensor response is analyzed providing a direct indication of the sensor and system performance.

Abstract: An electrolytic method for the simultaneous preparation of a diaryliodonium salt and an alkoxide salt comprises adding to the anode compartment of an electrolytic cell, comprised of an anode, a first electrolytic solution comprising an aromatic compound, an iodoaromatic compound, a solvent and a first organic salt; adding to the cathode compartment of the cell, comprised of a cathode, a second electrolytic solution comprising a hydroxyalkyl compound and a second organic salt; and applying to the anode and the cathode an electric potential, to form diaryliodonium salt in the anode compartment and an alkoxide salt in the cathode compartment.Esters of an aromatic acid are prepared by carbonylating an admixture of the diaryliodonium salt and the alkoxide salt by the addition of carbon monoxide thereto.