Abstract: A point in time copy of a data set is provided using a two-phase snapshot copy operation. When a write request is received, as part of the first phase, a chunk including the target location of the write request is determined. Using a “copy on first write” technique, the data at the target location is copied to a snap data area in an allocated data area that is the size of the chunk. A first map for the data set is updated to include up to three entries representing a mapping of the segment including the target location. A second map for the snap data area is updated to include a single entry for the copy of the data from the target location. As part of the second phase, the multiple entries in the first map are coalesced into a single entry after the remaining portions of the chunk are copied to the data area in the snap data area.

Abstract: An artificial capillary testing apparatus (ACTA) is provided for evaluation of gas transport/exchange properties of a fluid. A sample fluid, having a known of measured partial gas pressure, is introduced from a gas-tight dispenser into an artificial capillary of known diameter located within an exchange chamber containing a flowing exchange gas. The artificial capillary is formed from a permeable material which permits gas exchange between the interior and exterior of the capillary. After exit from the artificial capillary, the effluent fluid is collected in a gas-tight collection cell, then removed from the apparatus to a gas analyzer to measure partial gas pressure, The dispenser, exchange chamber and collection cell are all enclosed within a temperature controlled cabinet, useful in measurement of oxygen transport properties of hemoglobin in blood or blood-substitutes.