Abstract: A water-permeable protective material is provided which comprises a composition of one or more quaternary amines in combination with polyvinyl alcohol or precursor thereof. The amine may be either a polymeric or non-polymeric quaternary amine, a preferred example being poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) [p(DADMAC)]. The composition, if liquid, may be deposited as a layer on a substrate to be protected or a protective article may be formed by extrusion or moulding from a dry composition. The substrate may be a fabric material, particularly an item of clothing. Protection is provided against harmful or noxious agents such as chemical and biological warfare agents, organic materials, aerosols and other harmful liquid and gaseous substances.