Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention are directed to nanoscale memristor devices that provide nonvolatile memristive switching. In one embodiment, a memristor device includes an active region, a first electrode disposed on a first surface of the active region, and a second electrode disposed on a second surface of the active region, the second surface opposite the first surface. The first electrode is configured with a smaller width than the active region in a first direction, and the second electrode is configured with a larger width than the active region in a second direction. Application of a voltage to at least one of the electrodes produces an electric field across a sub-region within the active region between the first electrode and the second electrode.

Abstract: A memristor includes a substrate having a plurality of protrusions, wherein each of the plurality of protrusions extends in a first direction, a first electrode provided over at least one of the plurality of protrusions, wherein the first electrode conforms to the shape of the at least one protrusion such that the first electrode has a crest, a switching material positioned upon the first electrode; and a second electrode positioned upon the switching material such that a portion of the second electrode is substantially in line with the crest of the first electrode along the first direction, wherein an active region in the switching material is operable to be formed between the crest of the first electrode and the portion of the second electrode that is substantially in line with the crest of the first electrode.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention are directed to nanoscale memristor devices that provide nonvolatile memristive switching. In one embodiment, a memristor device (100) comprises an active region (102), a first electrode (104) disposed on a first surface of the active region, and a second electrode (106) disposed on a second surface of the active region, the second surface opposite the first surface. The first electrode is configured with a larger width than the active region in a first direction, and the second electrode is configured with a larger width than the active region in a second direction. Application of a voltage to at least one of the electrodes produces an electric field across a sub-region (108) within the active region between the first electrode and the second electrode.

Abstract: A memristor includes a substrate having a plurality of protrusions, wherein each of the plurality of protrusions extends in a first direction, a first electrode provided over at least one of the plurality of protrusions, wherein the first electrode conforms to the shape of the at least one protrusion such that the first electrode has a crest, a switching material positioned upon the first electrode; and a second electrode positioned upon the switching material such that a portion of the second electrode is substantially in line with the crest of the first electrode along the first direction, wherein an active region in the switching material is operable to be formed between the crest of the first electrode and the portion of the second electrode that is substantially in line with the crest of the first electrode.

Abstract: A Method for identifying one or a small number of molecules, especially in a dilution of ?1 ?M, using laser excited FCS with measuring times ?500 ms and short diffusion paths of the molecules to be analyzed, wherein the measurement is performed in small volume units of preferably ?10?14 l, by determining material-specific parameters which are determined by luminescence measurements of molecules to be examined. The device which can be preferably used for performing the method according to the invention is a per se known system of microscope optics for laser focusing for fluorescence excitation in a small measuring compartment of a very diluted solution and for imaging the emitted light in the subsequent measurement through confocal imaging wherein at least one system of optics with high numerical aperture of preferably ?1.2 N.A.

Abstract: A Method for identifying one or a small number of molecules, especially in a dilution of ?1 ?M, using laser excited FCS with measuring times ?500 ms and short diffusion paths of the molecules to be analyzed, wherein the measurement is performed in small volume units of preferably ?10?14 l, by determining material-specific parameters which are determined by luminescence measurements of molecules to be examined. The device which can be preferably used for performing the method according to the invention is a per se known system of microscope optics for laser focusing for fluorescence excitation in a small measuring compartment of a very diluted solution and for imaging the emitted light in the subsequent measurement through confocal imaging wherein at least one system of optics with high numerical aperture of preferably ?1.2 N.A.

Abstract: A Method for identifying one or a small number of molecules, especially in a dilution of ?1 ?M, using laser excited FCS with measuring times ?500 ms and short diffusion paths of the molecules to be analyzed, wherein the measurement is performed in small volume units of preferably ?10?14 l, by determining material-specific parameters which are determined by luminescence measurements of molecules to be examined. The device which can be preferably used for performing the method according to the invention is a per se known system of microscope optics for laser focusing for fluorescence excitation in a small measuring compartment of a very diluted solution and for imaging the emitted light in the subsequent measurement through confocal imaging wherein at least one system of optics with high numerical aperture of preferably ?1.2 N.A.

Abstract: A Method for identifying one or a small number of molecules, especially in a dilution of ≦1 &mgr;M, using laser excited FCS with measuring times ≦500 ms and short diffusion paths of the molecules to be analyzed, wherein the measurement is performed in small volume units of preferably ≦10−14 l, by determining material-specific parameters which are determined by luminescence measurements of molecules to be examined.

Abstract: A method for identifying one or a small number of molecules, especially in a dilution of ≦1 &mgr;M, using laser excited FCS with measuring times ≦500 ms and short diffusion paths of the molecules to be analyzed, wherein the measurement is performed in small volume units of preferably ≦10−14 l, by determining material-specific parameters which are determined by luminescence measurements of molecules to be examined.

Abstract: For the manufacturing using an LCVD process of a rod-shaped, three-dimensional structure extending into three dimensions, two laser beams (12, 13) are focused on a common focal point (12a) in a gaseous or liquid medium containing a compound which produces the structure material when decompounded by the laser beams. In this way, structures which extend three-dimensionally may also be made from minimally absorbent materials which are essentially transparent. This additionally allows for good control of the direction of the growth of the structure.

Abstract: In a method for recording information in an optical data memory by surface exturing, a substrate surface is first pre-treated or sensitized by selective irradiation at relatively low fluence. For selectivity of irradiation, a mask, a holographic imaging process, or direct writing may be used. In a second step, the sensitized regions are ablated from the surface by means of spatially non-selective irradiation at a different wavelength and at relatively high fluence.

Abstract: A method for depositing a layer of additional material onto an electrically conductive thin layer structure preferably by means of the thermally induced reason of a compound in the vapor state, in which the thin structure is heated by an electric current passed through it. The method is especially suitable for reinforcing metallic conductor structures which have been made on a substrate by a direct-writing-laser chemical vapor deposition method, for example, fine tungsten wires.

Abstract: A method for producing full-surface or partial metal films on a substrate includes placing a coating on a substrate. The coating is irradiated sheetwise with a laser to form the metal films.

Abstract: A laser mass spectrometer comprises an electrode system and an ion detector system supported on a mounting flange. The electrode system defines an ionization space, an ion acceleration space and a time-of-flight or separation path. At least some of the electrode of the electrode system are removably mounted on support rods extending an axial or ion path direction, to allow accomodation of the distance between the ionization space and the mounting flange to the configuration of an apparatus or vacuum system with which the mass spectrometer is used. Thus, the distance between the mounting flange and the ionization space may be varied by using separation path of different length. The ionization is effected by laser radiation, which may be coupled in through a window in the mounting flange.

Abstract: A method of photochemical separation of isotopes, wherein molecules containing differing isotopes to be separated are selectively excited by laser radiation, and the excited molecules are collectively reacted with a scavenger which is relatively inert to molecules of lesser excitation, the reaction producing a stable addition product which is readily isolatable.