Abstract: A treatment model that is a first neural network is trained to optimize a treatment loss function based on a treatment variable t using a plurality of observation vectors by regressing t on x(1),z. The trained treatment model is executed to compute an estimated treatment variable value {circumflex over (t)}i for each observation vector. An outcome model that is a second neural network is trained to optimize an outcome loss function by regressing y on x(2) and an estimated treatment variable t. The trained outcome model is executed to compute an estimated first unknown function value {circumflex over (?)}(xi(2)) and an estimated second unknown function value {circumflex over (?)}(xi(2)) for each observation vector. An influence function value is computed for a parameter of interest using {circumflex over (?)}(xi(2)) and {circumflex over (?)}(xi(2)). A value is computed for the predefined parameter of interest using the computed influence function value.