Abstract: An optical element includes an optical surface including a ceramic material. The optical element further includes a coating that includes a bifunctional molecule arranged on the optical surface. The bifunctional molecule includes a first functional group and a second functional group. The first functional group forms a covalent bond to the ceramic material of the optical surface, and the second functional group includes an aromatic functional group. The optical element further includes a carbon-containing material non-covalently bonded to the second functional group of the bifunctional molecule of the coating.

Abstract: A heated fixture for a multi-axis stage to improve drying of the printing compound and to enable faster movement speeds of the stage. The fixture includes a base that attaches to a multi-axis stage of a three-dimensional (3D) printer, a stands supporting a printing substrate and a heater, a temperature sensor, and a temperature controller.

Abstract: A heated fixture for a multi-axis stage to improve drying of the printing compound and to enable faster movement speeds of the stage. The fixture includes a base that attaches to a multi-axis stage of a three-dimensional (3D) printer, a stands supporting a printing substrate and a heater, a temperature sensor, and a temperature controller.

Abstract: An optical element includes an optical surface including a ceramic material. The optical element further includes a coating that includes a bifunctional molecule arranged on the optical surface. The bifunctional molecule includes a first functional group and a second functional group. The first functional group forms a covalent bond to the ceramic material of the optical surface, and the second functional group includes an aromatic functional group. The optical element further includes a carbon-containing material non-covalently bonded to the second functional group of the bifunctional molecule of the coating.

Abstract: A silicon-based electrode includes a silicon layer on a substrate, an electrically conductive layer overlying a top surface of the silicon layer, an optional polymer layer overlying the top surface of the electrically conducting layer, and a plurality of channels extending through the electrically conductive layer and the silicon layer to the substrate. The channels define sidewalls in the silicon layer. The electrically conductive layer and the optional polymer layer act to inhibit lithium ion intercalation through the top surface of the silicon layer during charging of a lithium-ion cell, and the lithium ion intercalation into the silicon layer occurs through the sidewalls that are defined by the channels.