Abstract: Various aspects of the present disclosure are directed towards devices, systems, and methods for optimizing debt portfolio by actively monitoring for rate quotes from one or more lenders and performing real-time optimization to determine global optimum parameters in order for the user to be qualified for the optimal loan product that meets the user's goals.

Abstract: A multi-pass catalytic converter can divide a catalyst block into several catalytic volumes and enable the exhaust gas to flow through each volume in two or more passes consecutively. As the exhaust gas in an early pass can emit sensible thermal energy and chemical reaction energy to preheat the remaining catalytic volumes via conductive heat transfer, it can shorten the catalyst light-off time for the later passes and the whole catalyst block. By recouping the previously lost dissipating heat from the early catalytic volume, the present disclosure can significantly reduce the catalyst light-off time and emission concentration. Furthermore, one or more mixing chambers can be utilized to thoroughly mix the exhaust gas.