Abstract: A network node, e.g., an edge configuration server (ECS), associated with a first PLMN may receive a first message from a WTRU. The first message may indicate a request to be notified if a type of network node, e.g., an ECS, becomes available to be accessed by the WTRU. The network node may receive a second message from a second network node. The second message may indicate an identity of a second PLMN and may indicate that the WTRU has become registered with the second PLMN. The network node may determine that a third network node of the type of network node, e.g., an ECS, is available to be accessed by the WTRU in the second PLMN. The network node may determine local breakout (LBO) information for the WTRU to establish a LBO packet data unit (PDU) session in the second PLMN and access the third network node.

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products for offloading data traffic flows, received by a wireless transmit-receive unit (WTRU) via an edge network of a cellular network or transmitted by the WTRU via the edge network of the cellular network, to a non-cellular network. A WTRU may determine that a data traffic flow received-transmitted by the WTRU transits via the edge network and take appropriate actions.

Abstract: In one or more embodiments, one or more devices, systems, and/or methods may address solutions and/or innovations for 5G System edge computing, edge applications, and/or other wireless systems. For example, one or more of the following techniques may be used to address shared-application vertical-session-based edge-application-instance discovery and selection: there may be an application vertical-session identifier; one or more application-vertical-session-based EAS registration, discovery, and selection procedures; application-vertical-session-based EDN/EES provisioning; and/or, application-vertical-session management.

Abstract: A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may send a discovery request to a first edge enabler server (EES) instance to obtain edge application server (EAS) information. The WTRU may receive a discovery response from the first EES instance. The discovery response may indicate a list of EAS information and/or registrar EES information for one or more EAS instances in the list of EAS information. The WTRU may select an EAS instance based on one or more of the list of EAS information or the registrar EES information for the one or more EAS instances. A second EES instance of the plurality of EES instances may be the registrar EES of the selected EAS instance.

Abstract: A WTRU may perform cERFs. A method may include any of: transmitting, to a nEAR, a signal requesting an IP address identifying (e.g., associated with) a DNS server associated with the WTRU; applying, by the WTRU, any of EI record rules for the identified DNS server, or updating EI records with the IP address identifying the DNS server; transmitting, to a DNS server, a DNS query associated with a FQDN; receiving, in response to the DNS query, FQDN resolution from the DNS server; on condition that a mobility event of the WTRU occurs, transmitting, to the nEAR, a signal requesting information for updating the EI records of the WTRU; and applying, by the WTRU, any of the updated EI record rules in order to perform any of: (1) redirecting application session traffic to provides session continuity for the WTRU, and (2) breaking any number of application sessions.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are described herein for wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU)-based edge compute autoscaling. For example, a WTRU may receive a message from a network device. The message may include a list of one or more edge application servers (EAS) associated with an un-instantiated application. The WTRU may select an EAS from the list of one or more EAS associated with the un-instantiated application. The WTRU may transmit a request to an edge data network (EDN), the request indicating a request to instantiate the un-instantiated application at the selected EAS. The WTRU may receive a response from the EDN, the response indicating that the un-instantiated application has been instantiated at the selected edge application server and indicating information for accessing the now instantiated application at the EAS.

Abstract: A WTRU may perform cERFs. A method may include any of: transmitting, to a nEAR, a signal requesting an IP address identifying (e.g., associated with) a DNS server associated with the WTRU; applying, by the WTRU, any of EI record rules for the identified DNS server, or updating EI records with the IP address identifying the DNS server; transmitting, to a DNS server, a DNS query associated with a FQDN; receiving, in response to the DNS query, FQDN resolution from the DNS server; on condition that a mobility event of the WTRU occurs, transmitting, to the nEAR, a signal requesting information for updating the EI records of the WTRU; and applying, by the WTRU, any of the updated EI record rules in order to perform any of: (1) redirecting application session traffic to provides session continuity for the WTRU, and (2) breaking any number of application sessions.

Abstract: A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may send a discovery request to a first edge enabler server (EES) instance to obtain edge application server (EAS) information. The WTRU may receive a discovery response from the first EES instance. The discovery response may indicate a list of EAS information and/or registrar EES information for one or more EAS instances in the list of EAS information. The WTRU may select an EAS instance based on one or more of the list of EAS information or the registrar EES information for the one or more EAS instances. A second EES instance of the plurality of EES instances may be the registrar EES of the selected EAS instance.

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products are described herein for unifying multiple edge configuration server (ECS) procedures. The ECS procedures used by a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) to obtain an ECS configuration and/or access an ECS.

Abstract: A wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU) may be configured to perform an edge application server (EAS) discovery procedure for a user session. The WTRU may be configured to determine, based on the EAS discovery procedure, that there are no available target EAS (T-EAS) instances for the user session. The WTRU may be configured to determine whether the user session supports application context relocation (ACR) to a cloud application server (CAS) using ACR configuration information (ACI). The WTRU may be configured to establish a connection with the CAS based on the ACI. The WTRU may be configured to send a notification to one or more ACR entities indicating that ACR to the CAS has been initiated. The WTRU may be configured to obtain CAS details using the ACI.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for discovery and selection of a Local Network Exposure Function (L-NEF) are described herein. A method of for registering with a Network Repository Function (NRF) performed by a L-NEF may include sending, to the NRF, a register registration message that includes a new NF network function (NF) profile, the new NF profile further including an identification of a Local Area Data Network (LADN), Service area information associated with the L-NEF, and a User Plane Function (UPF) Identifier (ID). The method may include receiving a registration response message from the NRF.

Abstract: The disclosure pertains to a method implemented in a Wireless Transmit/Receive Unit (WTRU) for service continuity during an application context relocation (ACR) procedure. The method includes determining, by the WTRU, one or more local area data network (LADN) data network names (DNNs) that require service continuity. The method additionally includes indicating, to a network by the WTRU, the LADN DNNs that require service continuity. The network is configured to use the list to maintain a protocol data unit (PDU) session toward a source LADN DNN, after the WTRU leaves a service area of a source LADN, while ACR is being executed and release the PDU session when the ACR is complete.

Abstract: An unmanned aerial system (UAS) may execute a mission planned by a UAS traffic management (UTM) system. The UAS may receive a mission planning response message from the UTM that includes a mission route for the UAS to navigate and a configuration of one or more trigger events. The mission route may be made up of a sequence of waypoints in an airspace. Each of the waypoints may be configured with a dynamic path conforming profile (PCP) a dynamic required navigation performance (RNP) value. The UAS may monitor at least the RNP value in one or more time intervals to determine if a trigger event occurs. The UAS may transmit a path conformance status report to the UTM upon determining that a trigger event of the one or more trigger events occurred. The path conformance status report may indicate conformance to one or more parameters specified in the PCP.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, systems, architectures and interfaces for a wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU) performing a client-side edge resolution function (cERF) are provided. A method may include any of: transmitting, to a network-side edge application resolver (nEAR), a signal requesting an IP address identifying (e.g.

Abstract: A wireless transmit / receive unit, WTRU, connects to a first AP, receives domain identifiers, requests corresponding descriptors and receives a list of descriptors. An application on the WTRU requests a list of domains and attributes corresponding to service names or service sets, which is returned by the WTRU. The application selects one or more domains for communications, the WTRU selects corresponding network resources and the application connects to local services. After moving to a new location, the WTRU connects to a second AP and receives a second set of domain identifiers, selects the one matching the request from the application and provides these to the application that, with the aid of the WTRU connects to local services.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, systems, architectures and interfaces for a wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU) performing a client-side edge resolution function (cERF) are provided. A method may include any of: determining a fully qualified domain name (FQDN) associated with a domain name server (DNS) request of an application associated with the WTRU; if the FQDN is associated with a valid edge instance (EI) record, selecting an EI for resolving the FQDN to an IP address; if the FQDN is not associated with a valid EI record: (1) transmitting a DNS query to a DNS server, (2) receiving an IP address associated with a selected EI to which the FQDN is resolved, and (3) updating the EI record with the IP address and the FQDN; and generating a traffic steering rule to re-direct uplink traffic associated with the application to the selected EI.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for reducing application instantiation delay and downtime are described herein. A method may comprise relocating an application function from a source Edge Data Network (EDN) component to a target EDN component. The method may comprise receiving an indication, and/or determining, based on at least one of a user mobility, resource optimization requirement, key performance indicator (KPI), or a failed relocation attempt, to relocate the application function. The method may further comprise performing a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) session establishment procedure toward the target EDN component. The method may further comprise determining, based on one or more received parameters for edge usage and capabilities, to relocate the application function. The method may further comprise sending, to a European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) orchestrator, an indication that the application function will be relocated.

Abstract: A method for setting up a multiple radio access technology (multi-RAT) device-to-device (D2D) communication is disclosed. An application function (AF) in a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may identify a group of multiple radio access technology (multi-RAT) capable WTRUs to a policy control function (PCF), wherein one or more multi-RAT capable WTRUs of the group of multi- RAT capable WTRUs register as having enhanced device-to-device (ED2D) functionality. The AF may select a multi-RAT capable WTRU from the group of multi-RAT capable WTRUs having ED2D functionality, as a relay for extended D2D operation. The device with ED2D function will act as Relay for ED2D (RED2D). The PCF may then reconfigure the RED2D with group related information. The RED2D may then configure D2D communication among the group of multi-RAT capable WTRUs.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, systems, architectures and interfaces for a wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU) performing discovery of Edge Network Management (ENM) servers are provided. A method may include any of: transmitting any of a discover message, an inform message, and a request message including information indicating a request for discovery of ENM servers; receiving any of an offer message and an acknowledgement message including server information indicating any number of ENM servers associated with the request for discovery of ENM servers; and performing communications with any of the ENM servers for which there is received server information.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, systems, architectures and interfaces for a wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU) performing a client-side edge resolution function (cERF) are provided. A method may include any of: determining a fully qualified domain name (FQDN) associated with a domain name server (DNS) request of an application associated with the WTRU; if the FQDN is associated with a valid edge instance (EI) record, selecting an EI for resolving the FQDN to an IP address; if the FQDN is not associated with a valid EI record: (1) transmitting a DNS query to a DNS server, (2) receiving an IP address associated with a selected EI to which the FQDN is resolved, and (3) updating the EI record with the IP address and the FQDN; and generating a traffic steering rule to re-direct uplink traffic associated with the application to the selected EI.