Abstract: In an embodiment, a method, implemented in a WTRU, comprises transmitting, to a network, a first message comprising first information indicating a first request for configuring a connectivity with a device edge application server (DEAS); receiving, from the network, a second message comprising second information indicating DEAS connectivity configuration information; performing a DEAS connectivity configuration based on the received second message; transmitting, to the network, a third message comprising third information indicating a second request to register the DEAS; and receiving, from the network, a fourth message comprising fourth information indicating that DEAS is registered.

Abstract: A system and method for providing an Edge Sharing Service via a local connection is disclosed. This includes reserving resources for a locally connecting device responsive to a registration request from the device, discovering and connecting to at least one edge data network providing services required by the locally connecting device, selecting an edge application server (EAS) and service continuity method on behalf of the locally connecting device, and providing registration response to the device to allow the locally connecting device to access edge services over the local connection using the reserved resources for the device. This includes requesting Edge Sharing Function via an edge enabler client (EEC) registration and receiving an EEC response, authenticating and authorizing the device to access edge services, discovering edge services, providing the device with the address of the selected EAS, and configuring the required connectivity for the device to access the EAS.

Abstract: The disclosed embodiments enable a non-3GPP device to be reached by a peer device when the non-3GPP device connects to a 3GPP network via a UE/5G-RG. The embodiments enable the non-3GPP to be temporarily associated to any network subscription. As the non-3GPP device is linked or unlinked from different UE/5G-RG s at different times,. The embodiments enable an AF and a peer node to subscribe to reachability notifications associated with the non-3GPP device. A 3GPP PCF enables device reachability notifications by updating a UDR/UDM and a NEF based on a connection status of an non-3GPP device.

Abstract: Based on the performance of an artificial intelligence/machine learning (AIML) model, a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may be instructed to collect and report data. The data may be collected and reported based on a DC profile, a DC endpoint, and a DC authorization policy. A DC session may be established and a DC session identifier may be associated with the DC session. The WTRU may be one of a plurality of members authorized to collect data. The plurality of members may be associated with the DC session identifier. The WTRU may send collected data to a network. The WTRU may include the DC session identifier when sending the collected data. Collected data may be used to develop a training dataset for an artificial intelligence/machine learning (AIML) model.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described herein for service application programming interface (API) discovery based on a server dataset using the common API framework. A common API framework (CAPIF) may enable server and/or API discovery based on a server's dataset and/or private dataset. A CAPIF core function (CCF) may perform server and/or API discovery, for example, in scenarios where the CCF may have limited access or no access to a server's dataset.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for adjusting quality of service (QoS) based on the speed, location, and trajectory of a wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU). A first network node, such as a radio access network (RAN), may receive QoS profiles from a second node, like a session management function (SMF), and a profile may be associated with WTRU movement parameters and indices. Upon detecting changes in the WTRU's speed, location, or trajectory, the first network node may select an appropriate QoS profile and sends an index for the profile to the WTRU and a third node, such as a user plane function (UPF), to synchronize QoS handling.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a method implemented in a Wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) comprises transmitting, to a network, a first message comprising first information indicating capability of device edge registry function (DERF); receiving, from the network, a first response message comprising second information indicating that the capability of the DERF of the WTRU is successfully registered; receiving from the network, a second message comprising third information indicating a request to activate the DERF; enabling the DERF; and transmitting, to the network, a third message comprising fourth information indicating the DERF is enabled.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a method implemented in a first node, comprises receiving, from a second node, an application modification request message comprising first information indicating an identity, security and trust credentials of the second network node, and an resource modification descriptor; determining an edge resource descriptor (ERD) list based on the first information of the application modification request message; transmitting, to the second node, a resource allocation request message; receiving, from the second node, a message indicating success of the resource allocation request; transmitting, to a third node, an application descriptor modification notification comprising second information indicating an identity and credentials of the first network node, and the ERD list; receiving, from the third node, an application descriptor modification acknowledgement message, comprising third information indicating a modified ERD list; and transmitting, to the second node, an application modification response

Abstract: A method implemented by a network device, including receiving analytic identification information Network Data Analytics Functions (NWDAFs) for Vertical Federate Learning (VFL) for an analytic identifier. Analytic identification information includes a VFL configuration identifier for the analytic identifier and a learning model (LM) identifier or feature identifier for the VFL configuration identifier for the analytic identifier. A candidate NWDAF for VFL training is determined for the VFL configuration identifier for the analytic identifier. A service response is sent and indicates the candidate NWDAF using a temporary identifier and the LM identifier or the feature identifier fort the VFL configuration identifier. A service request for VFL training is received and includes the analytic identifier, VFL configuration identifier, and VFL correlation identifier identifying the VFL training session between a VFL server and VFL client.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for adaptative WTRU reachability in a wireless network are described. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) includes a processor and a transceiver, which are configured to connected to a wireless network and send a first message, via the wireless network. The first message includes information indicating that the WTRU will not monitor a paging channel of the wireless network when the WTRU is in an idle state. The processor and the transceiver also receive a second message, via the wireless network. The second message includes information indicating a reachability strategy for the WTRU, which includes paging the WTRU via an alternate source when the WTRU is in the idle state.

Abstract: Example procedures for managing wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) context are disclosed herein. A base station may receive, from a WTRU, a first message including a first payload, a second payload, and an indication of a service type. The base station may select, based on the first payload, compute resources to execute the indicated service type. The base station may send, to a network entity comprising the selected compute resources, a request message requesting the selected compute resources to execute the indicated service type, wherein the request message includes the second payload. The base station may receive, from the network entity, a first response message including an indication that a service of the indicated service type was invoked successfully, quality of service (QoS) configuration information for the base station, a context identifier, and payload response information for the WTRU. The base station may send the payload response information to the WTRU.

Abstract: A method, implemented in a WTRU is described herein. The method may include sending configuration information to a WTRU. The configuration information may indicate the WTRU to send reporting information to the network element about a buffering event related to a traffic flow. The method may include receiving the reporting information from the WTRU indicating that (1) the buffering event related to the traffic flow may have occurred at the WTRU and (2) the buffering event may be associated with a buffering condition being satisfied at the WTRU. The method may include determining a corrective action associated with the traffic flow based on the reporting information to prevent the buffering condition from being satisfied. The method may include performing the corrective action associated with the traffic flow.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are disclosed herein for a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) and/or a network. A WTRU may include a processor configured to detect a request to create a service association (SA). The request may indicate a coherent resource and/or indicate policy information associated with creating a coherent resource policy. The WTRU may generate the coherent resource policy based on the coherent resource and the policy information. The WTRU may generate an SA create message. The SA create message may include an indication of the coherent resource and the coherent resource policy. The WTRU may send the SA create message to a network node. The SA create message may indicate a request to create the SA based on the coherent resource and/or the coherent resource policy. The WTRU may receive an SA create response message from the network node.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for reducing application instantiation delay and downtime are described herein. A method may comprise relocating an application function from a source Edge Data Network (EDN) component to a target EDN component. The method may comprise receiving an indication, and/or determining, based on at least one of a user mobility, resource optimization requirement, key performance indicator (KPI), or a failed relocation attempt, to relocate the application function. The method may further comprise performing a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) session establishment procedure toward the target EDN component. The method may further comprise determining, based on one or more received parameters for edge usage and capabilities, to relocate the application function. The method may further comprise sending, to a European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) orchestrator, an indication that the application function will be relocated.

Abstract: A method performed by a network entity includes receiving a first instruction element (IE) indicating an identity of a wireless device and receiving a second IE indicating an action to buffer data intended for the wireless device, buffering the data intended for the wireless device, receiving a third IE indicating the identity of the wireless device and receiving a fourth IE indicating an action to stop buffering data and release the buffered data intended for the wireless device. The network entity then may transmit at least a portion of the buffered data to the wireless device.

Abstract: A vertical federated learning (VFL) server may send a discovery request to a network repository function (NRF). The VFL server may send a discovery request to a network repository function (NRF). The discovery request may comprise a VFL configuration identifier (ID). The VFL configuration ID may be supported by the VFL server. The discovery request may indicate that the VFL server is configured to discover one or more VFL clients. The one or more VFL clients may support the VFL configuration ID. The VFL server may receive a discovery response. The discovery response may comprise a list of one or more VFL clients that support the VFL configuration ID. The WTRU may select one or more VFL clients from the list of VFL clients. The WTRU may perform sample alignment on the selected one or more VFL clients.

Abstract: A first wireless receive and transmit unit (WTRU) may send, to a network, WTRU tracking and reachability (TR) information. The WTRU TR information may comprise WTRU tracking capabilities or WTRU tracking information. The WTRU tracking capabilities may include at least one of: self-tracking capability, capability of tracking from an alternate source, including the identification of the alternate source, or capability to track a second WTRU, including the identification of the second WTRU. The first WTRU may receive, from the network, WTRU TR configuration. The WTRU TR configuration may include identification of an alternate source of WTRU tracking information and a condition to trigger the WTRU to provide tracking information to the alternate source of WTRU tracking information. Upon determining that the condition is met, the WTRU may send, to the alternate source, WTRU tracking information.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are solutions to remediate a distributed denial of service attack. In an example, a wireless transmit and receive unit (WTRU) transmits, to a network, a first attach request message including an store and forward (S&F) mode parameter. The WTRU receives, from the network, information indicating a puzzle and one or more parameters of the puzzle. Further, the WTRU generates evidence based on solving the puzzle. Moreover, the WTRU transmits, to the network, a second attach request message including the evidence. In an example, the WTRU receives, from the network, an attach reject message responsive to the S&F mode parameter. Additionally or alternatively, the WTRU receives, from the network, the S&F mode parameter. Additionally or alternatively, the network is a non-terrestrial network (NTN). Additionally or alternatively, the network includes a satellite. Additionally or alternatively, the includes a mobility management entity (MME) non-terrestrial (NT).

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems, methods, and instrumentalities associated with estimating and reporting an available data rate (ADR). A network device network device associated with a wireless communication network may determine an ADR associated with a data flow and a time period during which the ADR can be accommodated by the wireless communication network. The ADR may indicate a data rate capability of the wireless communication network with respect to the data flow, and the network device may determine, based at least on the ADR and the time period, whether to report the ADR to at least one other device. If the determination is to report the ADR, the network device may generate and transmit a report to the at least one other device, wherein the report may indicate at least one of the ADR or the time period.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and instrumentalities for application layer support for no-transmit zone (NTZ) enforcement. An example a network node may be used for supporting NTZ enforcement. The network node may determine a cell in which NTZ enforcement applies, and coordinates of an NTZ area, wherein the cell is associated with the NTZ area. The network node may determine an NTZ policy, where in the NTZ policy is associated with the NTZ area. The network node may send, to a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU), NTZ configuration information that indicates the cell in which NTZ enforcement applies, the coordinates of the NTZ area, a transition area, the NTZ area, and one or more parameters associated with the NTZ enforcement. The network node may receive, from the WTRU, a notification that indicates that the WTRU is out of the NTZ area.