Abstract: A wireless transmit-receive unit (WTRU) may be provided. A first message may be received from a relay. The first message may indicate a link quality measurement associated with a Uu interface between the relay and a network. It may be determined that a condition for a relay selection is satisfied based on the Uu link quality measurement. Based on the condition that the relay selection condition is satisfied, a second message may be sent to the relay. The second message may indicate a request to establish a connection to the network via the relay.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are disclosed herein for establishing a connection between a network node and a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU). A network node (e.g., a user plane function (UPF)) may receive a connection request message from another network node (e.g., a session management function). The connection request may indicate a request to establish a connection between the network node (e.g., the UPF) and a WTRU. The connection request message may indicate a header compression configuration (HCC) supported by a proxy. The network node may receive a request message from the WTRU indicating an HCC supported by the WTRU. The network node may determine a supported HCC using the HCC supported by the proxy and the HCC supported by the WTRU. The network node may configure the proxy to use the supported HCC. The network node may establish a connection with the WTRU.

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses, systems, etc., directed to performing a change of relay are disclosed herein. In an embodiment, a WTRU may transmit a link modification request message to a target WTRU via a first relay WTRU for requesting a change of relay. The WTRU may receive a link modification accept message from the target WTRU via the first relay WTRU, indicating a (e.g., proposed) second relay WTRU (e.g., identifier). The WTRU may transmit a direct communication request message including the second relay WTRU identifier for indicating to the target WTRU acceptance of the proposed second relay WTRU. The WTRU may a receiving a direct communication accept message from the target WTRU via the second relay WTRU, indicating the traffic may be relayed via the second relay WTRU.

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products for local mobile metaverse service enablers, such as an enabler implemented in a Wireless Transmit/Receive Unit (WTRU). For example, a method may include determining, by a WTRU service enabler hosted by a WTRU, that one or more application clients hosted by the WTRU are interested in available local content. The method may include obtaining, by the WTRU service enabler, the available local content. The method may include providing, by the WTRU service enabler to the one or more application clients, the available local content.

Abstract: A method addressing handover procedure failure or cancellation includes receiving, by a remote wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) connected to a source NodeB, a handover command to begin a handover procedure to establish a connection with a target NodeB on a network. A method may further include, on a condition that the handover procedure fails, transmitting, by a relay WTRU, a handover failure/cancellation indication to the remote WTRU and cancelling, by the remote WTRU, the handover procedure. A method may also include initiating, by the remote WTRU, a radio resource control (RRC) re-establishment procedure to connect with the source NodeB or a new NodeB.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, systems, architectures and interfaces for performing secure command and control (C2) communications in an Unmanned Aerial System (CAS) including a UAV controller (UAV-C) are provided. The method includes on condition that the UAV has completed a registration procedure with a network, transmitting, to a session management function (SMF) of the network, a packet data unit (PDU) session establishment request message; performing a secondary authentication, with any of the USS and the UTM, via the SMF; receiving a PDU session establishment accept message including C2 security information; and establishing C2 communications security with the peer UAV-C using the C2 security information.

Abstract: A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may receive a power reporting policy from a network node. The power reporting policy may include one or more triggers associated with sending a power status report. The WTRU may determine that a trigger of the one or more triggers associated with sending the power status report has been satisfied. The WTRU may send the power status report to the network node in accordance with the power reporting policy. The power status report may include power status information associated with the WTRU and/or an indication that indicates the determined trigger to send the power status report.

Abstract: In examples, the E2E link IDs may be isolated per-hop, so that changes of link IDs may not impact other E2E/per-hop links (e.g., a LIU procedure may only run between a WTRU and the relay). A relay may allocate R-specific security IDs/session key identifiers (e.g., MSBs/LSBs of Knrp-sess ID). The relay (e.g., relay WTRU) may replace the security IDs/session key identifiers received from peer WTRUs with R-specific security IDs/session key identifiers, for example, if forwarding a message. In examples, per-hop IDs and E2E IDs may be added to link identifier update messages. In examples, the support application layer ID and IP address/prefix may be changed using a link modification procedure (e.g., between E2E peer WTRUs), which may be executed during the LIU procedure run between a WTRU and a WTRU-to-WTRU relay.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and devices for unicast and/or multicast link establishment and maintenance. In one or method, a wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU) may send a link establishment request broadcast message, wherein the link may be for multicast, unicast, or groupcast. The WTRU may receive a link establishment response broadcast message and a connectivity report. The WTRU may then send a link establishment confirmation broadcast message once a multicast or unicast link has been established, at which point the WTRU may send and receive a multicast message. The link establishment request message may be sent based on one or more triggers: receiving a QoS flow, needing a new sidelink radio bearer, determining that a new QoS flow or radio bearer requires network controlled admission control, and/or receive a unicast and/or multicast establishment request. The WTRU may transmit a unicast and/or multicast usability signal (UMUS).

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are described herein for end-to-end Quality of Service, QoS, for communication between Wireless Transmit-Receive Units (WTRUs), via a ProSe WTRU-to-WTRU relay. PCS QoS flows are established respectively between a source WTRU and the ProSe WTRU-to-WTRU relay, and between a target WTRU and the ProSe WTRU-to-WTRU relay. The ProSe WTRU-to-WTRU relay performs PCS QoS flow mapping between the source and the target WTRU.

Abstract: A relay wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may receive a direct communication request (DCR) from a remote WTRU requesting connectivity service (e.g., connectivity session parameters such as single-network slice selection assistance (S-NSSA!), data network name (DNN)), The relay may determine that the connectivity session for the service is subject to a secondary authentication and authorization (A&A), based on an indication associated with the connectivity session if already established and/or an indication associated DN from relay proximity service (ProSe) configuration. Based on the determination, the relay may trigger a network-controlled authorization for the remote WTRU. The relay WTRU may send a direct communication accept (DCA) message including a pending secondary A&A. and configure a traffic filter associated with the connection (e.g., a PC5 link) to discard data traffic from the remote WTRU until a successful completion of the secondary A&A.

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products directed to artificial intelligence-specific idle/inactive/connected mode measurements procedure. In an embodiment, a method implemented by a wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU) includes receiving, from a network component, a first message comprising aggregation related information; registering with the network component, indicating capability/availability on multiple WTRUs aggregation; receiving, from the network component a second message comprising registration accept information for aggregation; and establishing sidelink communication with the multiple WTRUs.

Abstract: A wireless transmit/receiver unit (WTRU) is configured with PC5 Signaling by a ProSe layer and for ranging and sidelink (SL) positioning. The WTRU is further configured to initiate a connection setup for SL positioning with a relay WTRU when the target WTRU is out of coverage. The WTRU locates potential relay WTRUs having a known location within a network. The WTRU connects to one relay WTRU via SL positioning and receives from the relay WTRU a deferred mobile terminated location request or a periodic location request for the target WTRU location information. The WTRU may further receive a location request from an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) or a Location Management Function (LMF) in a network, wherein the AMF/LMF sends the location request to the target WTRU via the relay WTRU.

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses, systems, etc., directed to performing a change of relay are disclosed herein. In an embodiment, a WTRU may transmit a link modification request message to a target WTRU via a first relay WTRU for requesting a change of relay. The WTRU may receive a link modification accept message from the target WTRU via the first relay WTRU, indicating a (e.g., proposed) second relay WTRU (e.g., identifier). The WTRU may transmit a direct communication request message including the second relay WTRU identifier for indicating to the target WTRU acceptance of the proposed second relay WTRU. The WTRU may a receiving a direct communication accept message from the target WTRU via the second relay WTRU, indicating the traffic may be relayed via the second relay WTRU.

Abstract: Method, apparatus and systems are disclosed that may be implemented in a Wireless Transmit/Receive Unit (WTRU) for unicast communication with another WTRU. The method may include sending, by the WTRU to the other WTRU via a PC5 interface, a communication request indicating first security information for the WTRU and receiving, by the WTRU from the other WTRU via the PC5 interface, information which is integrity protected indicating second security information for the other WTRU. The method may also include deriving, by the WTRU from the indicated second security information, a first set of security keys for communication via a first layer using the U-plane and a second set of security keys for communication via a second layer using the C-plane; and sending, by the WTRU to the other WTRU via the PC5 interface, a message that is at least integrity protected using the derived first set of keys.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are provided for vehicle to everything (V2X) service oriented link establishment. A first wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU) may broadcast a direct communication request message. The direct communication request message may include a first security context identifier (ID). The first WTRU may receive a direct security mode command message from a second WTRU. The direct security mode command message may include a second security context ID. The first WTRU may determine a third security context ID by combining the first security context ID and the second security context ID. The first WTRU may establish, using the third security context ID, a secure direct communication link with the second WTRU. The first WTRU may generate, based on the third security context ID, a security context entry for the secure direct communication link with the second WTRU.

Abstract: A relay Wireless Transmit Receive Unit (WTRU) is configured to communicate with a network and a remote WTRU and receives a link identifier update (LIU) request message including a new remote WTRU L2 ID and a new MSB of a new security identifier (ID). The relay WTRU generates a new relay WTRU L2 ID and a new LSB of the new security ID. The relay WTRU transmits to the network a request for a new remote WTRU ID and receives the new remote WTRU ID which is associated with the new L2 IDs. The relay WTRU transmits the new remote WTRU ID to the remote WTRU and a LIU response message. The relay WTRU receives an acknowledgement message. Thereafter, the new Remote WTRU ID is used for communication between the remote WTRU, the relay WTRU and the gNB.

Abstract: A network device may receive a message that indicates an identifier of a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) and/or one or more parameters associated with a power status of the WTRU. The network device may generate a power reporting policy, for example, based on the received message. The power reporting policy may include one or more triggers associated with sending a power status report. The network device may send the power reporting policy to the WTRU. The network device may receive the power status report from the WTRU in accordance with the power reporting policy. The power status report may include one or more battery characteristics associated with the WTRU. The network device may update one or more policy charging and control (PCC) rules based on the power status report.

Abstract: V2X Enhancements to support V2P communication are disclosed. In particular, Vehicle to Pedestrian Communications are provided. Methods and apparatus for direct link with a peer WTRU using a first key identifier of a root key are provided. In an embodiment, a method includes sending, by the initiating WTRU to the peer WTRU, a release request message to release the direct link with the peer WTRU, the release request message including information indicating first security information associated with a second key identifier of the root key. The method further includes receiving a response to the release request message including second security information associated with the second key identifier of the root key. The method also includes determining the second key identifier of the root key using the first security information and the second security information; and sending a message including information indicating the second key identifier of the root key.

Abstract: Methods and devices are disclosed to provide proximity services (ProSe) secondary authentication (SA) for a remote WTRU to communicate with a data network over a 5G communications network via a WTRU-to-Network relay. In one method, a ProSe SA procedure is triggered when an SMF receives a PDU session establishment or modification request from the relay WTRU and determines, based on information in session management context relay WTRU and/or subscription data of the remote WTRU from unified data management (UDM), that a ProSe SA procedure is required for the remote WTRU. The ProSe SA procedure is triggered prior to the completion of PC5 link establishment between the remote WTRU and the WTRU-to-Network Relay, as well as prior to completion of the PDU Session establishment/modification procedure.