Abstract: A method performed by a first WTRU may comprise: receiving, from a network, one or more RSCs, wherein each of the one or more RSCs include a network assistance security indicator; receiving, from a second WTRU, a first DCR message, the first DCR message including a first RSC, wherein the first RSC includes a network assistance security indicator; transmitting, to the second WTRU, a direct communication reject message, the direct communication reject message including a cause code, wherein the cause code includes an indication that the first WTRU will initiate a second DCR message; and transmitting, to the second WTRU, the second DCR message, the second DCR message including security parameters. The first WTRU may be a target WTRU and the second WTRU may be a relay WTRU.

Abstract: A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may determine an identifier of the first WTRU and/or an identifier of a second WTRU. The first WTRU and/or the second WTRU may be configured for communication via a PC5 connection. The first WTRU may receive configuration information. The configuration information may include an indication of a time period associated with a relay selection procedure. The first WTRU may determine satisfaction of a trigger condition. The trigger condition may be associated with channel conditions of the PC5 connection with the second WTRU. The first WTRU may determine, based on satisfaction of the trigger condition, whether to initiate a discovery and/or link modification procedure and/or wait the time period associated with the relay selection procedure. The WTRU may make this decision based on a comparison between the identifier of the first WTRU and the identifier of the second WTRU.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are disclosed herein to support steering mode restrictions. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may receive a first message from a network device, wherein the first message may indicate at least a first rule and a second rule for performing uplink transmissions associated with a protocol data unit (PDU) session across a first network access leg and a second network access leg. The WTRU may perform a first uplink transmission associated with the PDU session via at least one of the first network access leg or the second network access leg in accordance with the first rule. The WTRU may then determine that a condition for applying the second rule is satisfied and, in response to the determination, perform a second uplink transmission associated with the PDU session via at least one of the first network access leg or the second network access leg in accordance with the second rule.

Abstract: A WTRU may determine to align a DRX cycle of the WTRU with respective DRX cycles of one or more remote WTRUs connected to the WTRU. The WTRU may determine a specific identifier to request based on respective POs of the one or more remote WTRUs and/or a PO of the WTRU. The WTRU may send a first message to the network. The first message may include a specific identifier and/or a DRX indication that indicates a request to align the DRX cycle of the WTRU with the respective DRX cycles of the two or more remote WTRUs. The WTRU may receive a second message from the network indicating to use the specific identifier and/or an available DRX cycle. The WTRU may send a third message to the one or more remote WTRUs that indicates the specific identifier, the DRX indication, and/or the available DRX cycle.

Abstract: A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may receive configuration information. The configuration information may include a sidelink reference signal receive power (SL-RSRP) threshold and/or a time period associated with discovery solicitation. The WTRU may determine whether radio link failure (RLF) has occurred on a PCS connection with a second WTRU or whether a SL-RSRP measurement on the PCS connection is below the SL-RSRP threshold. The WTRU may be based on a determination that RLF has occurred on the PCS connection with the second WTRU. The WTRU may send a solicitation message or a link modification message. The link modification message may include an indication of RLF detection on the PCS connection. The WTRU may receive an announcement message from a relay WTRU; select the relay WTRU for communication with the second WTRU; and send a release message to the second WTRU that causes the second WTRU to release the PCS connection.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are disclosed herein to support steering mode restrictions. A network device may receive a first message from another network device, wherein the first message may indicate at least a first rule and a second rule for performing downlink transmissions associated with a protocol data unit (PDU) session. The network device may perform a first downlink transmission associated with the PDU session via at least one of a first network access leg or a second network access leg, wherein the first downlink transmission may be performed in accordance with the first rule. Subsequently, the network device may determine that a condition for applying the second rule is satisfied and, in response, perform a second downlink transmission associated with the PDU session via at least one of the first network access leg or the second network access leg, wherein the second downlink transmission may be performed in accordance with the second rule.

Abstract: A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may function as a relay between other WTRUs. The relay WTRU may receive a domain name system (DNS) query request from a first WTRU for the internet protocol (IP) address of a second WTRU. The DNS query request may comprise the first WTRU's authentication container. The relay WTRU may: send a first authentication request comprising the first WTRU's authentication container to the second WTRU, receive a first authentication response from the second WTRU indicating successful authentication of the first WTRU and comprising the second WTRU's authentication container, send a second authentication request to the first WTRU comprising the second WTRU's authentication container, receive a second authentication response from the first WTRU indicating successful authentication of the second WTRU, and based on successful authentication of the first and second WTRUs, send a DNS response comprising the IP address of the second WTRU to the first WTRU.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a method, implemented in a first wireless transmit/receive unit, WTRU, to perform integrated discovery when there is an existing sidelink connection between the first WTRU or a second WTRU and at least one WTRU-to-WTRU relay, comprising transmitting, to the second WTRU, via the at least one WTRU-to-WTRU relay, a direct communication request message comprising proximity-based service parameters; receiving, from the second WTRU, via one of the at least one WTRU-to-WTRU relay, a link modification request message comprising information related to the proximity-based service parameters; transmitting, to the one of the at least one WTRU-to-WTRU relay, a link modification response; and receiving, from the one of the at least one WTRU-to-WTRU relay, a direct communication accept message.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are disclosed herein for end-to-end link management via a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU)-to-WTRU relay. A device (e.g., a relay WTRU) may receive, from a first WTRU, a first message, wherein the first message includes a link release request. The device may determine that a second WTRU has an end-to-end connection with the first WTRU via the device. For example, the device may determine the end-to-end connection based on a list of WTRUs having an end-to-end connection with the first WTRU via the device including the second WTRU. The list of WTRUs having an end-to-end connection with the first WTRU may be managed by the device and/or be received from the first WTRU. The device may send an indication that the first WTRU is no longer available via the device to the second WTRU.

Abstract: A wireless transmit-receive unit (WTRU) may be provided. A first message may be received from a relay. The first message may indicate a link quality measurement associated with a Uu interface between the relay and a network. It may be determined that a condition for a relay selection is satisfied based on the Uu link quality measurement. Based on the condition that the relay selection condition is satisfied, a second message may be sent to the relay. The second message may indicate a request to establish a connection to the network via the relay.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are disclosed herein for establishing a connection between a network node and a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU). A network node (e.g., a user plane function (UPF)) may receive a connection request message from another network node (e.g., a session management function). The connection request may indicate a request to establish a connection between the network node (e.g., the UPF) and a WTRU. The connection request message may indicate a header compression configuration (HCC) supported by a proxy. The network node may receive a request message from the WTRU indicating an HCC supported by the WTRU. The network node may determine a supported HCC using the HCC supported by the proxy and the HCC supported by the WTRU. The network node may configure the proxy to use the supported HCC. The network node may establish a connection with the WTRU.

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses, systems, etc., directed to performing a change of relay are disclosed herein. In an embodiment, a WTRU may transmit a link modification request message to a target WTRU via a first relay WTRU for requesting a change of relay. The WTRU may receive a link modification accept message from the target WTRU via the first relay WTRU, indicating a (e.g., proposed) second relay WTRU (e.g., identifier). The WTRU may transmit a direct communication request message including the second relay WTRU identifier for indicating to the target WTRU acceptance of the proposed second relay WTRU. The WTRU may a receiving a direct communication accept message from the target WTRU via the second relay WTRU, indicating the traffic may be relayed via the second relay WTRU.

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products for local mobile metaverse service enablers, such as an enabler implemented in a Wireless Transmit/Receive Unit (WTRU). For example, a method may include determining, by a WTRU service enabler hosted by a WTRU, that one or more application clients hosted by the WTRU are interested in available local content. The method may include obtaining, by the WTRU service enabler, the available local content. The method may include providing, by the WTRU service enabler to the one or more application clients, the available local content.

Abstract: A method addressing handover procedure failure or cancellation includes receiving, by a remote wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) connected to a source NodeB, a handover command to begin a handover procedure to establish a connection with a target NodeB on a network. A method may further include, on a condition that the handover procedure fails, transmitting, by a relay WTRU, a handover failure/cancellation indication to the remote WTRU and cancelling, by the remote WTRU, the handover procedure. A method may also include initiating, by the remote WTRU, a radio resource control (RRC) re-establishment procedure to connect with the source NodeB or a new NodeB.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, systems, architectures and interfaces for performing secure command and control (C2) communications in an Unmanned Aerial System (CAS) including a UAV controller (UAV-C) are provided. The method includes on condition that the UAV has completed a registration procedure with a network, transmitting, to a session management function (SMF) of the network, a packet data unit (PDU) session establishment request message; performing a secondary authentication, with any of the USS and the UTM, via the SMF; receiving a PDU session establishment accept message including C2 security information; and establishing C2 communications security with the peer UAV-C using the C2 security information.

Abstract: A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may receive a power reporting policy from a network node. The power reporting policy may include one or more triggers associated with sending a power status report. The WTRU may determine that a trigger of the one or more triggers associated with sending the power status report has been satisfied. The WTRU may send the power status report to the network node in accordance with the power reporting policy. The power status report may include power status information associated with the WTRU and/or an indication that indicates the determined trigger to send the power status report.

Abstract: In examples, the E2E link IDs may be isolated per-hop, so that changes of link IDs may not impact other E2E/per-hop links (e.g., a LIU procedure may only run between a WTRU and the relay). A relay may allocate R-specific security IDs/session key identifiers (e.g., MSBs/LSBs of Knrp-sess ID). The relay (e.g., relay WTRU) may replace the security IDs/session key identifiers received from peer WTRUs with R-specific security IDs/session key identifiers, for example, if forwarding a message. In examples, per-hop IDs and E2E IDs may be added to link identifier update messages. In examples, the support application layer ID and IP address/prefix may be changed using a link modification procedure (e.g., between E2E peer WTRUs), which may be executed during the LIU procedure run between a WTRU and a WTRU-to-WTRU relay.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and devices for unicast and/or multicast link establishment and maintenance. In one or method, a wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU) may send a link establishment request broadcast message, wherein the link may be for multicast, unicast, or groupcast. The WTRU may receive a link establishment response broadcast message and a connectivity report. The WTRU may then send a link establishment confirmation broadcast message once a multicast or unicast link has been established, at which point the WTRU may send and receive a multicast message. The link establishment request message may be sent based on one or more triggers: receiving a QoS flow, needing a new sidelink radio bearer, determining that a new QoS flow or radio bearer requires network controlled admission control, and/or receive a unicast and/or multicast establishment request. The WTRU may transmit a unicast and/or multicast usability signal (UMUS).

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are described herein for end-to-end Quality of Service, QoS, for communication between Wireless Transmit-Receive Units (WTRUs), via a ProSe WTRU-to-WTRU relay. PCS QoS flows are established respectively between a source WTRU and the ProSe WTRU-to-WTRU relay, and between a target WTRU and the ProSe WTRU-to-WTRU relay. The ProSe WTRU-to-WTRU relay performs PCS QoS flow mapping between the source and the target WTRU.

Abstract: A relay wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may receive a direct communication request (DCR) from a remote WTRU requesting connectivity service (e.g., connectivity session parameters such as single-network slice selection assistance (S-NSSA!), data network name (DNN)), The relay may determine that the connectivity session for the service is subject to a secondary authentication and authorization (A&A), based on an indication associated with the connectivity session if already established and/or an indication associated DN from relay proximity service (ProSe) configuration. Based on the determination, the relay may trigger a network-controlled authorization for the remote WTRU. The relay WTRU may send a direct communication accept (DCA) message including a pending secondary A&A. and configure a traffic filter associated with the connection (e.g., a PC5 link) to discard data traffic from the remote WTRU until a successful completion of the secondary A&A.