Abstract: A frequency synthesizer which comprises a voltage controlled oscillator; a unit for outputting a value corresponding to a differential phase of a reference signal at a predetermined frequency as a first differential phase; a unit for sampling an oscillating signal corresponding to an output of the voltage controlled oscillator K times per period of a repeating frequency f.sub.r (f.sub.

Abstract: With respect to a mobile communication system, intelligence learns a cell boundary where the field strength of adjacent base stations becomes equal, by measuring field strength of communications, and from this data determined and stored over a period of time, the intelligence calculates the position and velocity vector of each mobile unit, from which a priority for hand-off can be determined. Hysteresis of the hand-off is determined with respect to hand-off boundaries located a fixed distance from the measured cell boundary, with hand-off preferably being soft hand-off within the narrow hand-off boundaries. Priority is particularly determined using fuzzy logic and calculation of the time estimated for the mobile unit to reach the cell boundary. Battery consumption of the mobile units is improved by prolonging the interval of checking the position of mobile units, when the mobile units are moving slowly or not moving at all.

Abstract: A liquid crystal color display element has striped red, green and blue color filters and comb electrodes corresponding to the respective red, green and blue color filters. At least two of the comb electrodes are connected in parallel and interleaved with an independent electrode composed of the remaining comb electrode.