Abstract: The invention is directed to a method for chemiluminescent sulphur detection wherein the method comprises the following steps. (a) oxidation of a gaseous starting mixture comprising one or more sulphur compounds to obtain an oxidized gas mixture. (b) reduction of the oxidized gas mixture as obtained in step (a) to obtain a gaseous mixture of reduced sulphur compounds in the presence of a ceramic surface. (c) reacting the mixture of reduced sulphur compounds obtained in step (b) with ozone to obtain a sulphur compound in excited state and measuring a chemiluminescent emission of the sulphur compound in excited state to obtain a measure for the amount of sulphur compounds in the gaseous starting mixture. The ceramic surface in step (b) is a magnesium aluminium silicate comprising surface.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method for chemiluminescent sulphur detection wherein the method comprises the following steps. (a) oxidation of a gaseous starting mixture comprising one or more sulphur compounds to obtain an oxidized gas mixture. (b) reduction of the oxidized gas mixture as obtained in step (a) to obtain a gaseous mixture of reduced sulphur compounds in the presence of a ceramic surface. (c) reacting the mixture of reduced sulphur compounds obtained in step (b) with ozone to obtain a sulphur compound in excited state and measuring a chemiluminescent emission of the sulphur compound in excited state to obtain a measure for the amount of sulphur compounds in the gaseous starting mixture. The ceramic surface in step (b) is a magnesium aluminium silicate comprising surface.

Abstract: Preparation of a catalyst suitable for use in Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis reactions using a two step process in which the steps may be performed in either order. In step a), impregnate an iron carboxylate metal organic framework selected from a group consisting of iron-1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate (Fe-(BTC), Basolite™ F-300 and/or MIL-100 (Fe)), iron-1,4 benzenedicarboxylate (MIL-101(Fe)), iron fumarate (MIL-88 A (Fe)), iron-1,4 benzenedicarboxylate (MIL-53 (Fe)), iron-1,4 benzenedicarboxylate (MIL-68 (Fe)) or iron azobenzenetetracarboxylate (MIL-127 (Fe)) with a solution of a promoter element selected from alkali metals and alkaline earth metals. In step b) thermally decompose the iron carboxylate metal organic framework under an inert gaseous atmosphere to yield a catalyst that is a porous carbon matrix having embedded therein a plurality of discrete aliquots of iron carbide.

Abstract: Preparation of a catalyst suitable for use in Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis reactions using a two step process in which the steps may be performed in either order. In step a), impregnate an iron carboxylate metal organic framework selected from a group consisting of iron-1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate (Fe-(BTC), Basolite™ F-300 and/or MIL-100 (Fe)), iron-1,4 benzenedicarboxylate (MIL-101(Fe)), iron fumarate (MIL-88 A (Fe)), iron-1,4 benzenedicarboxylate (MIL-53 (Fe)), iron-1,4 benzenedicarboxylate (MIL-68 (Fe)) or iron azobenzenetetracarboxylate (MIL-127 (Fe)) with a solution of a promoter element selected from alkali metals and alkaline earth metals. In step b) thermally decompose the iron carboxylate metal organic framework under an inert gaseous atmosphere to yield a catalyst that is a porous carbon matrix having embedded therein a plurality of discrete aliquots of iron carbide.

Abstract: A process for converting cellulose to glucose, said process comprising the steps of: providing a hydrated molten salt; contacting the hydrated molten salt with a cellulose-containing material to form dissolved glucose; removing the dissolved glucose from the hydrated molten salt.

Abstract: A process for converting cellulose to glucose, said process comprising the steps of: providing a hydrated molten salt; contacting the hydrated molten salt with a cellulose-containing material to form dissolved glucose; removing the dissolved glucose from the hydrated molten salt.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for reducing emissions of particulates from diesel engines. Exhaust is passed through a diesel particular filter having at least two stages comprised of (a) a catalyst section having a platinum group metal catalyst on contact surfaces within the catalyst section and (b) a filter section comprised of passages effective to remove particulates from a moving stream of combustion gases generated by combusting the fuel in the engine and holding them therein to permit their oxidation. Carbon removal is enhanced by utilizing levels of platinum group metal composition, cerium compositions, fuels and/or optional chemical enhancers to generate NO2 in the catalyst section in amounts sufficient to form cerium nitrates in the filter section. The cerium oxide is associated with and maintains dispersion of the platinum in the filter section, and the cerium nitrates are available at the surface and within the soot particles to provide enhanced soot oxidation at a lower balance point.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for conversion of cellulose in an Ionic Liquid medium. The process is characterized in that a cellulose-containing feedstock and an Ionic Liquid are mixed at a temperature below 80 ° C. The mixture is heated to a conversion temperature in the range of 80 ° C. to 220 ° C. under a hydrogen atmosphere. The presence of hydrogen during the heating step significantly reduces the formation of degradation products.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for converting polysaccharides to platform chemicals. The process comprises dissolving the polysaccharides in a inorganic molten salt hydrate, converting the polysaccharides to monosaccharides, and converting the monosaccharides to platform chemicals that are easily separable from the inorganic molten salt hydrate. Preferably the polysaccharides are provided in the form of a biomass, more preferably a ligno-cellulosic biomass.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for converting a polysaccharide-containing biomass material to platform chemicals. The process comprises dissolving the polysaccharides in an inorganic molten salt hydrate, converting the polysaccharides to monosaccharides, and converting the monosaccharides to derivatized (di)anhydro sugars that are easily separable from the inorganic molten salt hydrate. The derivatized (di)anhydro sugars are useful as fuel additives and fuel substitutes.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for converting a polysaccharide-containing biomass material to platform chemicals. The process comprises dissolving the polysaccharides in an inorganic molten salt hydrate, converting the polysaccharides to monosaccharides, and converting the monosaccharides to derivatized (di)anhydro sugars that are easily separable from the inorganic molten salt hydrate. The derivatized (di)anhydro sugars are useful as fuel additives and fuel substitutes.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for removing methane from the flue gases of a gas engine, wherein the flue gases are conducted at a temperature of at most 5000 C over a noble metal catalyst, comprising a noble metal on a solid oxidic support, under conditions where no poisoning or inhibition of the noble metal catalyst by SO2 and/or NOx occurs.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for reducing emissions of particulates from diesel engines. Exhaust is passed through a diesel particular filter having at least two stages comprised of (a) a catalyst section having a platinum group metal catalyst on contact surfaces within the catalyst section and (b) a filter section comprised of passages effective to remove particulates from a moving stream of combustion gases generated by combusting the fuel in the engine and holding them therein to permit their oxidation. Carbon removal is enhanced by utilizing levels of platinum group metal composition, cerium compositions, fuels and/or optional chemical enhancers to generate NO2 in the catalyst section in amounts sufficient to form cerium nitrates in the filter section. The cerium oxide is associated with and maintains dispersion of the platinum in the filter section, and the cerium nitrates are available at the surface and within the soot particles to provide enhanced soot oxidation at a lower balance point.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for reducing emissions of particulates from diesel engines. Exhaust is passed through a diesel particulate filter having at least two stages comprised of (a) a catalyst section having a platinum group metal catalyst on contact surfaces within the catalyst section and (b) a filter section comprised of passages effective to remove particulates from a moving stream of combustion gases generated by combusting the fuel in the engine and holding them therein to permit their oxidation. Carbon removal is enhanced by utilizing levels of platinum group metal composition, cerium compositions, fuels and/or optional chemical enhancers to generate NO2 in the catalyst section in amounts sufficient to form cerium nitrates in the filter section. The cerium oxide is associated with and maintains dispersion of the platinum in the filter section, and the cerium nitrates are available at the surface and within the soot particles to provide enhanced soot oxidation at a lower balance point.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for converting polysaccharides to platform chemicals. The process comprises dissolving the polysaccharides in a inorganic molten salt hydrate, converting the polysaccharides to monosaccharides, and converting the monosaccharides to platform chemicals that are easily separable from the inorganic molten salt hydrate. Preferably the polysaccharides are provided in the form of a biomass, more preferably a ligno-cellulosic biomass.

Abstract: A process for converting cellulose to glucose, said process comprising the steps of: providing a hydrated molten salt; contacting the hydrated molten salt with a cellulose-containing material to form dissolved glucose; removing the dissolved glucose from the hydrated molten salt.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for oxidizing methane, including passing a gaseous, methane-containing mixture over a catalyst, wherein a carrier with a substrate surface consists substantially of titanium dioxide with a combination of platinum and palladium thereon, in the presence of molecular oxygen, and to a catalyst suitable thereto.

Abstract: A process to prepare a gasoline fuel by contacting a Fischer-Tropsch product with a catalyst system of an acidic matrix and a large pore molecular sieve wherein the Fischer-Tropsch product has a weight ratio of compounds having at least 60 or more carbon atoms and compounds having at least 30 carbon atoms in the Fischer-Tropsch product of at least 0.2 and wherein at least 30 wt % of compounds in the Fischer-Tropsch product have at least 30 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for reducing emissions of particulates from diesel engines. Exhaust is passed through a diesel particular filter having at least two stages comprised of (a) a catalyst section having a platinum group metal catalyst on contact surfaces within the catalyst section and (b) a filter section comprised of passages effective to remove particulates from a moving stream of combustion gases generated by combusting the fuel in the engine and holding them therein to permit their oxidation. Carbon removal is enhanced by utilizing levels of platinum group metal composition, cerium compositions, fuels and/or optional chemical enhancers to generate NO2 in the catalyst section in amounts sufficient to form cerium nitrates in the filter section. The cerium oxide is associated with and maintains dispersion of the platinum in the filter section, and the cerium nitrates are available at the surface and within the soot particles to provide enhanced soot oxidation at a lower balance point.

Abstract: A method to measure the quantity of olefin species in a complex hydrocarbon mixture by means of comprehensive multi-dimensional gas chromatography, involves passing a sample of a hydrocarbon mixture through a first capillary column comprising a dimethyl-polysiloxane stationary phase, subjecting the sample to a thermal modulation before entering a second column comprising a 50% phenyl, equivalent, polysilphenylene-siloxane stationary phase, wherein the introduction bandwidth into the second column is smaller than 20 milliseconds.