Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a conductive substrate; a subbing layer disposed on the conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer disposed on the subbing layer; a charging unit for charging the surface of the photoreceptor; an exposure unit for exposing the surface of the photoreceptor to form an electrostatic latent image; a developing unit for developing the electrostatic latent image with a toner to form a toner image; and a transfer unit having an intermediate transfer. The surface of the intermediate transfer belt has a dynamic hardness of from 22×109 to 36×109 N/m2; a dynamic hardness of the surface of the photoreceptor is smaller than the dynamic hardness of the surface of the intermediate transfer belt; and the subbing layer has a thickness of 7 ?m or more.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a conductive substrate; a subbing layer disposed on the conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer disposed on the subbing layer; a charging unit for charging the surface of the photoreceptor; an exposure unit for exposing the surface of the photoreceptor to form an electrostatic latent image; a developing unit for developing the electrostatic latent image with a toner to form a toner image; and a transfer unit having an intermediate transfer. The surface of the intermediate transfer belt has a dynamic hardness of from 22×109 to 36×109 N/m2; a dynamic hardness of the surface of the photoreceptor is smaller than the dynamic hardness of the surface of the intermediate transfer belt; and the subbing layer has a thickness of 7 ?m or more.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor having, between an electroconductive substrate and a photosensitive layer, an interlayer which contains fine metal oxide particles and a binder resin and which, when an electric field of 106 V/m is applied thereto at 28° C. and 85% RH, has a volume resistivity of from 108 to 1013 &OHgr;·cm and, when an electric field of 106 V/m is applied thereto at 15° C. and 15% RH, has a volume resistivity which is up to 500 times the volume resistivity thereof as measured when an electric field of 106 V/m is applied thereto at 28° C. and 85% RH.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor having, between an electroconductive substrate and a photosensitive layer, an interlayer which contains fine metal oxide particles and a binder resin and which, when an electric field of 106 V/m is applied thereto at 28° C. and 85% RH, has a volume resistivity of from 108 to 1013 &OHgr;·cm and, when an electric field of 106 V/m is applied thereto at 15° C. and 15% RH, has a volume resistivity which is up to 500 times the volume resistivity thereof as measured when an electric field of 106 V/m is applied thereto at 28° C. and 85% RH.

Abstract: Provided are a process for producing a high-molecular-weight polycarbonate, which comprises polymerizing a diol and a carbonate diester through transesterification with heating in the presence of a basic oxide catalyst, and an electrophotographic photoreceptor containing this high-molecular-weight polycarbonate as a binder resin. This process can easily produce the high-molecular-weight polycarbonate safely without having an adverse effect on humans and environment. This electrophotographic photoreceptor can provide a high-quality image having a high stability at high speed over a long period of time.