Abstract: A fixation device which comprises a roller comprising a core member, a fluororesin-containing rubber layer on the core member and a fluororesin surface layer. The fluororesin surface layer has a thickness from 2 to 100 .mu.m, preferably 5 to 30 .mu.m, and surrounds and contacts the outside of the rubber layer.

Abstract: A fixing device including a fixing roller and a pressure member rotatable in pressure-contact with said fixing roller, out of which at least one is provided with a heater and is capable of fixing an image-recorded material bearing thereon, toner is passed through between said fixing roller and said pressure member; said fixing device characterized in that at least one of said heaters is made in the bar-like form and served as a supporting shaft for rotating said fixing roller or said pressure member and can further be taken out and put in.

Abstract: A developing apparatus equipped with a sleeve and a scraper member to scrape off the developer from the circumferential surface of the sleeve, wherein the scraper member is normally urged resiliently in the direction which considerably separates it from the circumferential surface of the sleeve, and when there is developer on the scraper member the tip of the scraper member comes close to the circumferential surface of the sleeve. A gap is defined in a limited width between the sleeve and a restriction member for restricting the flow rate of the developer. The gap can be non-uniformly changed along the axial direction of the sleeve.