Abstract: A multiple stage switching type converter circuit provided between an AC source and a DC source is provided. The circuit includes a boost converter stage coupled to the AC source, a DC link capacitor stage comprising a DC link capacitor decoupled from an AC source and a DC source, and an isolated DC-DC converter stage coupled to the DC source. The multiple stage switching type converter circuit comprises a plurality of switches, each switch configured to operate at a baseline duty cycle, a baseline voltage, a baseline resistance, with a baseline current and providing a baseline switching time. At least one switch is altered to perform at a duty cycle differing from the baseline duty cycle, a voltage differing from the baseline voltage, a resistance differing from baseline resistance, with a current differing from the baseline current or using a switching time differing from the baseline switching time.

Abstract: A power management apparatus is provided. The apparatus is configured to connect a plurality of DC power elements to a plurality of AC power elements and includes a DC interface module connected to the plurality of DC power elements, a bi-directional AC-DC converter connected to the DC interface module, and an AC interface module connected to the bi-directional AC-DC converter and the AC power elements.

Abstract: An AC to DC converter system is provided. The system includes a bidirectional boost converter circuit coupled to an AC input, a high voltage DC link capacitor circuit coupled to the bidirectional boost converter and comprising at least one capacitor, and a DC to DC converter circuit coupled to the high voltage DC link capacitor circuit and a DC input, wherein the at least one capacitor may include a film capacitor.

Abstract: A packaging material (41) and a process and apparatus for producing the same are disclosed herein, wherein an satisfactorily enhanced gas barrier property is intended to be provided using a grease-proof paper sheet (23). A first layer (16) is formed on an outer surface which will be directed outwardly, when a package or container will be formed from the packaging material, and a second layer (37) is formed on an inner surface which will be directed outwardly, when the package or container will be formed from the packaging material. A substrate and a grease-proof paper layer (23) are provided between the first layer (16) and the second layer (37). At least one of the first and-second layers (16) and (37) is formed from a polymer selected from the group consisting of polyolefins. The grease-proof paper layer (23) has a TAPPI value in a range of 100 to 400 seconds. A polymer is coated on at least one of surfaces of the grease-proof paper layer (23).