Abstract: A method of training a machine learning model for determining the composition of a mixture includes obtaining, using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, a spectrum for each of a plurality of mixtures its constituent components. A concentration of each constituent component is known for each of the plurality of mixtures. A plurality of features is extracted from each of the obtained spectra. A machine learning model is trained using the plurality of features. An apparatus for determining formation of a product includes a reactor for containing a reaction mixture and an FTIR spectrometer for producing a spectrum of a sample of the reaction mixture. A processor extracts features from the spectrum; provides the features to an ML model trained using a plurality of mixtures of the constituent components to obtain a concentration of one or more of the constituent components; and determines the formation of the product based on the concentration.

Abstract: A photodialysis device that can desalinate saline streams is described herein. The device can have a desalination rate that is significantly faster than current solar thermal desalination technology. Salt is removed from water by passing ionic current derived from sunlight through this water using dye-sensitized membranes. The device can serve as a distributed, low-cost technology that can efficiently and effectively desalinate low salinity sources of water, which is particularly useful for agriculture and drinking water applications.

Abstract: Provided are methods of making aliphatic or aromatic compounds (e.g., small molecules or polymers) having one or more amine groups and/or imine groups. A method of the present disclosure is an electrohydrogenation method, where a potential is applied to an aliphatic or aromatic compound (e.g., small molecule or polymer) having one or more nitrile groups, where after the potential is applied one or more of the nitrile groups are reduced to an amine or imine. The electrohydrogenation may be carried out using non-pulsed or pulsed potential waveforms.

Abstract: Methods of making aliphatic compounds having two or more electron withdrawing groups and compositions comprising aliphatic organic compounds having one or more electron withdrawing groups. The methods are based on electrohydrodimerization of aliphatic olefinic compounds having one or more electron withdrawing groups using pulsed potential waveforms. A method may produce adiponitrile by electrolysis of acrylonitrile using pulsed waveforms. A composition may be an electrochemically produced organic phase composition. A composition may comprise one or more undesirable products, such as, for example, propionitrile, AN-derived oligomers, and the like. A composition may not have been subjected to any purification and/or separation after electrochemical production of one or more aliphatic compounds comprising two or more electron withdrawing groups.

Abstract: Provided are electrochemical cells for hydrogen production and methods for hydrogen production. The electrochemical cell and methods use a mediator that may have a reversible redox potential lying outside the onset of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Also, provided are systems for generating hydrogen and water from oxygen and generating water from oxygen and hydrogen.

Abstract: Provided are methods of making aliphatic or aromatic compounds (e.g., small molecules or polymers) having one or more amine groups and/or imine groups. A method of the present disclosure is an electrohydrogenation method, where a potential is applied to an aliphatic or aromatic compound (e.g., small molecule or polymer) having one or more nitrile groups, where after the potential is applied one or more of the nitrile groups are reduced to an amine or imine. The electrohydrogenation may be carried out using non-pulsed or pulsed potential waveforms.

Abstract: Methods of making aliphatic compounds having two or more electron withdrawing groups and compositions comprising aliphatic organic compounds having one or more electron withdrawing groups. The methods are based on electrohydrodimerization of aliphatic olefinic compounds having one or more electron withdrawing groups using pulsed potential waveforms. A method may produce adiponitrile by electrolysis of acrylonitrile using pulsed waveforms. A composition may be an electrochemically produced organic phase composition. A composition may comprise one or more undesirable products, such as, for example, propionitrile, AN-derived oligomers, and the like. A composition may not have been subjected to any purification and/or separation after electrochemical production of one or more aliphatic compounds comprising two or more electron withdrawing groups.

Abstract: Provided are electrochemical cells for hydrogen production and methods for hydrogen production. The electrochemical cell and methods use a mediator that may have a reversible redox potential lying outside the onset of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Also, provided are systems for generating hydrogen and water from oxygen and generating water from oxygen and hydrogen.

Abstract: A photodialysis device that can desalinate saline streams is described herein. The device can have a desalination rate that is significantly faster than current solar thermal desalination technology. Salt is removed from water by passing ionic current derived from sunlight through this water using dye-sensitized membranes. The device can serve as a distributed, low-cost technology that can efficiently and effectively desalinate low salinity sources of water, which is particularly useful for agriculture and drinking water applications.