Abstract: Apparatuses and methods for millimeter or sub-millimeter wave radiation of blood outside the body. Electromagnetic (EM) radiation length may be preset by manufacturer, programmable by the user, or dependent on sensor reading(s) of blood parameters (viscosity, color, opaqueness). Quality control measures may include sensor blood readings prior to irradiation and after irradiation by electromagnetic waves. In one embodiment emitter is connected to catheter. Applications considered include but not limited to dialysis, blood transfusion. Radiation parameters (frequency, intensity, pulse duration) may be dependent on sensor readings of blood parameters (viscosity, color, and opaqueness) enabling fine-tuning of electromagnetic signal for maximal normalization of blood parameters (including viscosity and coagulation) specific to patient.

Abstract: Various methods and apparatus for determining an ability of a region of skin to withstand exposure to harmful radiation, as well as a safe exposure time of the skin to harmful radiation, are disclosed. In various embodiments, methods and apparatus according to the invention provide real time information about the cumulative effects of exposure to harmful radiation, such as ultraviolet radiation, based on an individual's skin type, or “natural” protection factor, and the actual effectiveness of any sunscreen applied on the individual's skin, independently of the labeled sun protection factor (SPF) of the sunscreen. In one embodiment, the invention periodically measures the individual's skin darkness (natural protection factor), the dynamic actual effectiveness of sunscreen, if applied, and a total exposure level of the skin to potentially harmful radiation, and determines a safe exposure time of the skin to the radiation.