Abstract: Devices and methods for lumen treatment are provided. According to aspects illustrated herein, there is provided an endoprosthesis that includes an internal layer designed to provide a negative electric field directed endoluminally; an external layer designed to provide a positive electric field directed exoluminally; and one or more intermediate layers disposed between the internal layer and the external layer, wherein the negative electric field is due to a negative point charge between about ?25 mV and about ?250 mV, and wherein the positive electric field is due to a positive point charge between about +1 mV and about +30 mV.