Abstract: A communication system for allowing communications as of Internet and the like to be universally used without restricting a second user to use communication and further without requiring any significant capital investment. According to this communication system, when a terminal (104) becomes able to communicate with a network usage terminal (101) and is about to use the Internet via the network usage terminal (101), it transmits the authentication information of its user (B), and the network usage terminal (101) then transmits the authentication information of its owner (A) and the received authentication information of the user (B) to an authentication server (105). If a result of authentication is OK, the network usage terminal (101) relays the communication of the terminal (104) to the Internet (103), thereby permitting the terminal (104) to use the Internet.

Abstract: An IP telephone apparatus includes a recording unit, a timestamp token obtaining unit, an operation unit and a data accumulation unit. The recording unit generates recorded data by recording a voice. The timestamp token obtaining unit obtains a timestamp token including encrypted data of the recorded data or digest-data thereof with time information attached. The operation unit initiates the timestamp token obtaining process of the timestamp token obtaining unit. The data accumulation unit accumulates, together with the recorded data, the timestamp token obtained by the timestamp token obtaining unit. By using the IP telephone apparatus, notarized recorded data can be easily obtained and freely handled.

Abstract: A MODEM can shorten the processing time of an interface disposed between a data terminal equipment (DTE) and the MODEM. The MODEM stores an object program of a procedure in a memory and switches an operational mode of the MODEM automatically corresponding to the prescribed procedure thereby executing the procedure corresponding to the current operational mode. The MODEM further comprises a timer which monitors the transits time between a completed procedure and the next procedure, and the MODEM starts the process of a specified operational mode based on a mode-setting-instruction of the procedure as well as monitoring the transitions time by using the timer, and executing a next specified operational mode when the timer times out, thereby allowing the MODEM to perform the various operational mode switches.

Abstract: The present invention calculates a difference between present sampling data and sampling data one data unit ahead, cumulatively adds up difference values calculated for every sampling by going back to the time point ahead by the number of samples of a cyclic prefix signal inserted into an initializing signal and confirms the position of the cyclic prefix signal from the sample number for which this cumulative value indicates a minimum value.

Abstract: A training circuit for training a tap coefficient of an adaptive equalizer that performs error calculations in a training process and updating of the tap coefficient in a time area and thereby makes the tap coefficient converge stably in a short time.

Abstract: The present invention calculates a product of the present sampling data by the sampling data one data unit ahead through a multiplier, adds up product values calculated for every sampling by adding product values calculated from previous samples occurring one data unit in advance through an adder and detects a reference timing with regard to a CP (cycle prefix) signal using the addition value.

Abstract: A training circuit for training a tap coefficient of an adaptive equalizer that performs error calculations in a training process and updating of the tap coefficient in a time area and thereby makes the tap coefficient converge stably in a short time.

Abstract: The present invention calculates a product of the present sampling data by the sampling data 1 data unit ahead through multiplier 14, adds up product values calculated for every sampling by going back to the time point 1 data unit ahead through adder 16 and detects a reference timing with regard to a CP signal using the addition value.

Abstract: The present invention calculates a difference between present sampling data and sampling data 1 data unit ahead, cumulatively adds up difference values calculated for every sampling by going back to the time point ahead by the number of samples of a CP signal inserted into an initializing signal and confirms the position of the CP signal from the sample number for which this cumulative value indicates a minimum value.

Abstract: A MODEM can shorten the processing time of an interface disposed between a data terminal equipment (DTE) and the MODEM. The MODEM stores an object program of a procedure in a memory and switches an operational mode of the MODEM automatically corresponding to the prescribed procedure thereby executing the procedure corresponding to the current operational mode. The MODEM further comprises a timer which monitors the transits time between a completed procedure and the next procedure, and the MODEM starts the process of a specified operational mode based on a mode-setting-instruction of the procedure as well as monitoring the transitions time by using the timer, and executing a next specified operational mode when the timer times out, thereby allowing the MODEM to perform the various operational mode switches.

Abstract: A MODEM can shorten the processing time of an interface disposed between a data terminal equipment (DTE) and the MODEM. The MODEM stores an object program of a procedure in a memory and switches an operational mode of the MODEM automatically corresponding to the prescribed procedure thereby executing the procedure corresponding to the current operational mode. The MODEM further comprises a timer which monitors the transits time between a completed procedure and the next procedure, and the MODEM starts the process of a specified operational mode based on a mode-setting-instruction of the procedure as well as monitoring the transitions time by using the timer, and executing a next specified operational mode when the timer times out, thereby allowing the MODEM to perform the various operational mode switches.

Abstract: An encoding (or decoding) method, by which raw data of 1 line is converted into, for example, modified Huffman (MH) code (or MH code is converted into raw data) by obtaining a cumulative run-length code every transition point, at which there occurs a transition or change between a run of white pixels to another contiguous run of black pixels, from the beginning of the line and then converting the cumulative run-length code to the MH code (or converting the MH code to the cumulative run-length code). The cumulative run-length code is defined by both of data, which indicates that a pixel of a run just prior to the transition point is black or white, and data representing a cumulative run-length of the run up to the pixel thereof just prior to the transition point. Thus, an encoding or decoding processing can be performed at a high speed.

Abstract: A Viterbi decoding method, in which consecutive input data bits Q.sub.6n .about.Q.sub.1n are first converted into consecutive code bits Q.sub.6n .about.Q.sub.3n Y.sub.2n Y.sub.1n Y.sub.0n at a time instant n by use of a Trellis encoder. Then, a branch metric, which is a minimum Euclidean distance between a reception signal point and each of signal points (namely, Trellis codes Q.sub.6 .about.Q.sub.3 Y.sub.2 Y.sub.1 Y.sub.0) in a signal space diagram, corresponding to each of eight states 0 to 7 and a corresponding signal point are obtained. Further, a sum of the branch metric corresponding to each state and a corresponding path metric at a time instant (n-1), which is a sum of corresponding branch metrics since a time instant 1 to the time instant (n-1) is calculated. Then, the path metric corresponding to each state is updated by replacing it with the calculated sum of the corresponding branch metric and the corresponding path metric obtained at the time instant (n-1).

Abstract: A variable gain amplifier of the logarithmically linear type comprises a divider for dividing a signal applied to the input terminal of the amplifier by a gain control signal. The output of the divider is applied to a first input of a subtractor, the second input of the subtractor being connected to receive the signal applied to the amplifier's input terminal to deliver a signal to the output terminal of the amplifier. The amplifier has an input-to-output characteristic given by (2.sup.n /x)-1 which is approximated to exp{2-x/(2.sup.n-2)}, where x represents the gain control signal.