Abstract: An apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory including computer code for one or more programs, the at least one memory and the computer code configured, with the at least one processor, to cause the apparatus at least to: receive a message from at least one user equipment requesting to join a multicasting/broadcasting group; receive data for multicasting/broadcasting from a data network; generate multicasting/broadcasting session information for the data; route the data based on the multicasting/broadcasting session to at least one access point, wherein the access point wirelessly communicates the data to user equipment based on the multicasting/broadcasting session information.

Abstract: According to an example aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus configured to determine a first channel definition describing a first wireless communication channel between the apparatus and a second apparatus, the first wireless communication channel being on a first frequency band, determine a second channel definition describing a second wireless communication channel between the apparatus and the second apparatus, the second wireless communication channel being on a second frequency band which has a lower bound at a higher frequency than an upper bound of the first frequency band, and derive an encryption key at least partly based on the second channel definition, and use the encryption key to encrypt information before it is transmitted to the second apparatus over the first wireless communication channel.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising means for monitoring, by a wireless device. Positioning Reference signals, PRSs, and/or Synchronization Signal Block, SSB, signals of at least one cell of a wireless communications network based on one or more criteria for a positioning assistance data update to a wireless device; and means for transmitting, by the wireless device, based on at least one of the criteria has been met, a request for positioning assistance data update to the wireless communications network.

Abstract: A method includes controlling receiving, by a user device, frequency-shifted signals from a plurality of backscatter nodes for locating the user device, wherein cach of the plurality of backscatter nodes is identifiable by a backscatter node-specific frequency offset of the frequency-shifted signals according to a configuration; determining, by the user device, phase information and a frequency offset for each of the received frequency-shifted signals; and controlling transmitting, by the user device to a network node that provides the configuration: the phase information and the frequency offset for each of the received frequency-shifted signals, for a positioning control entity to carry out the locating of the user device; or a location of the user device that is determined, by the user device, based on the phase information, the frequency offset for each of the received frequency-shifted signals and locations of the plurality of backscatter nodes known by the user device.

Abstract: A method includes determining backscatter frequency offsets assigned to backscatter nodes to be positioned; controlling transmitting, by the first user device, a positioning signal using time-frequency resources found unused by the first user device or allocated by a network node; controlling receiving, by the first user device via sidelink communication, channel estimate information from a plurality of second user devices, wherein a channel estimate information indicates an estimate of a channel between one of the plurality of second user devices and each of the at least some of the backscatter nodes, and wherein the channel estimate information received from each second user device is based on the transmitted positioning signal that is frequency shifted by an assigned backscatter frequency offset and reflected by each of the at least some of the backscatter nodes; and controlling transmitting, by the first user device to the network node, the received channel estimate information.

Abstract: The present subject matter relates to an apparatus for a wireless communication system. The apparatus comprises means being configured for: receiving from one or more antennas of another apparatus, herein referred to as user apparatus, one or more antenna signals respectively; determining one or more frequency shifts of the one or more antenna signals respectively; determining an orientation of the user apparatus using the determined one or more frequency shifts.

Abstract: Certain examples relate to an apparatus for receiving configuration information to receive a first Reference Signal (RS), and a second RS, wherein the configuration information comprises information indicative of: a first and second time-frequency resource allocated to the first and second RS respectively; wherein the allocation of at least one of the resources is based, at least in part, on: an estimate of a coherence time and a coherence bandwidth of a channel between the apparatus and a node; receiving, based at least in part on the configuration information, the first and second RSs; determining a phase offset between the received first and RSs; adjusting the first or second received RS based, at least in part, on the phase offset; and generating, based, at least in part, on the adjusted RS and the other of the first and second RS, a third RS for use in position estimation.

Abstract: The present subject matter relates to an apparatus for a wireless communication system. The apparatus comprises means being configured for: receiving from antennas of another apparatus, herein referred to as user apparatus, antenna signals respectively; determining ranges between the apparatus and the antennas of the user apparatus using the multiple antenna signals; determining an orientation of the user apparatus using the determined ranges.

Abstract: A method includes determining, by a source base station, based on at least one of a measurement report received from a terminal device and a mobility trajectory of the terminal device, a prepared cell list that includes a set of cells where the terminal device is capable of handover. The method includes sending at least one required context for the handover to the set of cells in the prepared cell list. The method also includes receiving acknowledgement from the set of cells. The method further includes sending a handover complete message, which contains the prepared cell list, to the terminal device. The prepared cell list provides a capability for the terminal device to make a number of handovers when the terminal device is within a coverage area of the set of cells.

Abstract: A method may include receiving, by a first user device from a network node or a second user device, 1) a positioning measurement report including at least one positioning measurement measured by a reference device, and 2) reference positioning-related information to be used for testing and/or validating a machine learning model; determining estimated positioning-related information as outputs of the machine learning model based on at least a portion of the positioning measurement report as inputs to the machine learning model; determining a performance indication of the machine learning model based on the reference positioning-related information and the estimated positioning-related information, wherein the performance indication indicates a performance or accuracy of the machine learning model; and performing, by the first user device, an action based on the performance indication.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method comprising determining one or more radio access nodes based on available location information of a target user device and at least one neighboring user device of the target user device; transmitting a sidelink information request to the one or more radio access nodes, wherein the sidelink information request indicates requesting sidelink information of the target user device and the at least one neighboring user device of the target user device; receiving the sidelink information from the one or more radio access nodes; and transmitting, to at least one of the one or more radio access nodes and/or the at least one neighboring user device, at least a part of a locality database and/or a sidelink positioning configuration for positioning the target user device, wherein the locality database and/or the sidelink positioning configuration are based at least on the sidelink information.

Abstract: A method may include determining, by a user device, an identifier to be used in a random access procedure to indicate a request for a positioning reference signal; selecting, by the user device, a downlink reference signal among a plurality of downlink reference signals received from a network node; controlling sending, by the user device to the network node, as part of a random access procedure, a random access preamble via a random access resource associated with the selected downlink reference signal, and the determined identifier; controlling receiving, by the user device from the network node, the requested positioning reference signal; and carrying out a positioning procedure using the requested positioning reference signal.

Abstract: An apparatus in a network function comprising at least one processor and at least one memory including computer code for one or more programs, the at least one memory and the computer code configured, with the at least one processor, to cause the apparatus at least to: determine that a protocol data unit session for a user equipment is to be updated to add or modify multicast information; and provide multicast context information associated with said user equipment which causes said user equipment to receive multicast data associated with said multicast context information.

Abstract: Examples of the present disclosure relate to User Equipment positioning.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to User Equipment positioning apparatuses, methods and computer programs. Certain examples provide a User Equipment, UE (110), comprising means (500) for: receiving (201), from a Radio Access Network, RAN, node (120), positioning configuration information (801, 801?) for configuring the UE to perform a device-to-device communication channel based positioning procedure (803, 803) with one or more other UEs (110a, 110b) for enabling the UE to determine information (804) indicative of one or more positions of the one or more other UEs relative to the UE; performing (202), based at least in part on the configuration information, the device-to-device communication channel based positioning procedure and determining therefrom information indicative of the one or more positions of the one or more other UEs relative to the UE; and transmitting (203), to the RAN node, the information indicative of the one or more positions of the one or more other UEs relative to the UE.

Abstract: There are provided measures for location service continuity in case of mobility procedures. Such measures, for example, comprise, at a first network entity handling connection and mobility management tasks in a mobile network, receiving a first message indicative of completion of a mobility procedure with respect to a terminal in said mobile network, determining whether there is an ongoing location service session for said terminal, and transmitting, if there is said ongoing location service session for said terminal, a second message indicative of completion of said mobility procedure with respect to said terminal towards a second network entity configured to expose a location service for said terminal.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and a computer-readable storage medium are provided for a machine learning (ML) model based radio resource management. In one example embodiment, the method may include a network node defining a validity area and a measurement group for at least a ML model for one or more user equipments and transmitting the validity area and the measurement group of the at least one ML model to the user equipment.

Abstract: An embodiment may comprise: transmitting, by a user device in a low activity state a type of the low activity state being according to an anchor access node, a random access message to a network node providing a target cell of a cell reselection. The method may also comprise, in response to receiving a random access response for the random access message from the network node providing the target cell, transmitting, to the network node providing the target cell, a radio connection reactivation request, the reactivation request comprising an indication of an anchor access node of the user device. The method may also comprise, in response to the radio connection reactivation request, receiving a radio connection reactivation message indicating a radio connection reactivation to the anchor access node as a logical link associated with a radio link provided by the target cell of the cell reselection or receiving an inactivation message.

Abstract: Systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer program products for deploying an unmanned vehicle base station (BS) are provided. One method may include receiving an indication from at least one device of its capability to switch to a temporary cell of an unmanned vehicle base station (BS), and determining, based on knowledge of locations on a planned path of the unmanned vehicle base station (BS), which of the at least one device is located within coverage of one of the locations on the planned path. The method may then include configuring discontinuous reception cycles or Power-Saving Mode (PSM) of the at least one device so that the at least one device is awake when the unmanned vehicle base station (BS) establishes the temporary cell.

Abstract: A method, apparatus and computer program product receive an application flow comprising a source flow and a supplementary flow from a core network. The method, apparatus and computer program product receive a flow payload indication from the core network. The method, apparatus and computer program product determine whether the application flow is to be transmitted via a unicast transmission or a multicast transmission. The method, apparatus and computer program product determine whether the supplementary flow is droppable based on the flow payload indication and whether the application flow is to be transmitted via a unicast transmission or a multicast transmission. The method, apparatus and computer program product cause only the source flow to be transmitted in a circumstance where the supplementary flow is droppable.