Abstract: Determining the relevancy of an item to a user on, for example, an e-commerce platform has various advantages. It is an objective to provide a computing apparatus for determining relevancy of items to a user. A computing apparatus is configured to calculate a user attribute profile vector based on a user action history of a user. The computing apparatus may then calculate a similarity score between the user attribute profile vector and an item attribute vector of an item. A client device, a computing apparatus, methods, and a computer program are described.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, a computing apparatus comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code. The at least one memory and the computer program code may be configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the computing apparatus to: calculate a user-specific price of an item. The computing apparatus may calculate the user-specific price based on various factors, such as a score of a user attribute profile vector of the user and an item attribute vector of the item, a price elasticity, and an appeal score. A computing apparatus, a method, and a computer program are described.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, a computing apparatus comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code. The at least one memory and the computer program code may be configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the computing apparatus to select at least one targeted user from a plurality of users according to a targeting constraint and at least one similarity score. A computing apparatus, a method, and a computer program are described.