Abstract: An improved process for dimerizing lower .alpha.-olefins using a novel nickel-containing Ziegler catalyst system including(A) an organic acid salt or complex of nickel,(B) a trialkylaluminum,(C) a trivalent phosphorus compound of the formula:PR.sup.1 R.sup.2 R.sup.3 (I)P(NR.sup.1.sub.2).sub.3 (II)P(OR.sup.1).sub.3 (III)wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 are alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or aralkyl,(D) a fluorinated isopropanol of the formula: ##STR1## wherein m and n are in 4.ltoreq.m+n.ltoreq.6, and optionally (E) a catalyst co-activator: halogenated compounds of the formulae: ##STR2## wherein X is halogen, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6 are alkyl, and n is 1 to 3, and further optionally,(F) a compound selected from aliphatic alcohol and aliphatic carboxylic acid or ester thereof,which yields the dimers with high selectivity of isomers and uniformity of the catalyst without corrosion of the apparatus.

Abstract: A compound of the formula, ##STR1## wherein D is an organic dye moiety, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are independently hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl group, R.sub.3 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted lower alkyl, phenyl or naphthyl group, X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 are independently hydrogen, halogen or a lower alkyl, cyano, carbamoyl, vinyl, .beta.-hydroxyethyl, .beta.-sulfoethyl, .beta.-sulfatoethyl, carboxyl, carboxylic acid ester or sulfonic acid group, and Z is appended to the above-defined D or R.sub.3 and stands for --SO.sub.2 CH.dbd.CH.sub.2 or --SO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 Y, in which Y is a group capable of being split by the action of an alkali, which is useful for dyeing hydroxyl or amido group-containing fiber materials with excellent build-up properties, thereby giving dyed products having excellent various fastness properties.

Abstract: A phthalocyanine compound which is represented by a free acid of the following formula, ##STR1## wherein Pc is a metal-free or metal-containing phthalocyanine residue, W is a group of ##STR2## in which R' and R" are independently a hydrogen atom or a methyl or ethyl group, and n is an integer of from 2 to 6, R is an unsubstituted or substituted lower alkyl group, A is an unsubstituted or substituted phenylene or naphthylene group, Y is a group of --SO.sub.2 CH.dbd.CH.sub.2 or --SO.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 Z in which Z is a group capable of being split by the action of an alkali, a is a positive number of from 1 to 3, and b and c are independently a positive number of from 0 to 3, provided that a, b and c statisfy 0<a+b+c.ltoreq.4, and which is useful for dyeing or printing fiber materials, particularly cellulose fiber materials, to give a dyed or printed product of a brilliant turquoise blue color excellent in various fastness, particularly light fastness and wet fastness.