Abstract: A method for the chemical depolymerization of waste polyethylene terephthalate by application of microwave radiation and solvolysis in the presence of a catalyst comprising the first stage where the waste polyethylene terephthalate is mixed up with an microwaves absorbing activator, the mixture is melted by its exposing to a microwave radiation on a frequency from 915 to 2450 MHz and with a power output from 0.1 to 0.5 kW per kg of a charge, at a temperature from 230 to 330° C., under atmospheric pressure and the second stage, where the molten mixture is subjected to solvolysis, including acidic or basic hydrolysis, alcoholysis or glycolysis in the presence of a catalyst under continuing microwave radiation and atmospheric pressure yielding terephthalic acid, salts or esters thereof, and ethylene glycol.

Abstract: The subject of the invention is superparamagnetic nanoparticle probes based on iron oxides, to advantage magnetite or maghemite, with modified surface, coated with mono-, di- or polysaccharides from the group including D-arabinose, D-glucose, D-galactose, D-mannose, lactose, maltose, dextrans and dextrins, or with amino acids or poly(amino acid)s from the group including alanine, glycine, glutamine, asparagine, histidine, arginine, L-lysine, aspartic and glutamic acid or with synthetic polymers based on (meth)acrylic acid and their derivatives selected from the group containing poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide), poly(N,N-dimethylmethacrylamide), poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide), poly(N,N-diethylmethacrylamide), poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide), which form a colloid consisting of particles with narrow distribution with polydispersity index smaller than 1.3, the average size of which amounts to 0.5-30 nm, to advantage 1-10 nm, the iron content is 70-99.9 wt. %, to advantage 90 wt.

Abstract: Microwave radiation of frequency 0.1 to 20 GHz, is applied to the melt of viscosity in the range 104 to 101 Pa·s. The outside surface of heated space, where an outlet of the waveguide of microwave radiation is located, can be cooled. The microwave radiation in the melt may be reflected by the reflective metallic elements in the melt back to the place of radiation entry into the melt and shielded from the surroundings by a shielding metallic element. An outlet is provided of at least one waveguide from the source of the microwave radiation, in any direction to the outside surface of the melt, into the space with the melt of a given viscosity. At least one waveguide is led, for example, to the outside surface of the bottom of the channel of the forehearth.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for drying book and similar paper-based materials in wet or frozen state, in which the material dried is exposed to microwave irradiation with frequency from 500 MHz to 10 GHz and in which the book or similar paper-based materials is lined with ceramic slabs before the drying. In this arrangement the materials are subsequently exposed to microwaves under atmospheric or reduced pressure. An apparatus for carrying out the method includes microwave drying oven modified for a batch or continuous operation, which includes adjustable ceramic slabs capable to absorb both moisture and microwaves.

Abstract: A method of heat treatment of glass materials and natural materials specifically of volcanic origin according to which the treated material is exposed to microwave radiation at a frequency range from 1 MHz to 10 GHz and temperature range from the ambient temperature to 1800° C. in a batch or continuous process. The glass or natural material subjected to a melting and/or refining process contains an inert additive elected from the group comprising carbides, nitrides or borides in an amount from 1 to 100 g preferably 5 to 50 g per 1 kg of the glass or natural material. The apparatus consists substantially of a microwave furnace comprising an outer shell (8.2) provided with a cover (10) and an inner shell (8.1) and at least one micro wave generator (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4) with double emission and total power from 0.1 to 1 kW per 1 kg of the treated material.

Abstract: Microwave radiation of frequency 0.1 to 20 GHz, is applied to the melt of viscosity in the range 104 to 101 Pa.s. The outside surface of heated space, where an outlet of the waveguide of microwave radiation is located, can be cooled. The microwave radiation in the melt may be reflected by the reflective metallic elements in the melt back to the place of radiation entry into the melt and shielded from the surroundings by a shielding metallic element. An outlet is provided of at least one waveguide from the source of the microwave radiation, in any direction to the outside surface of the melt, into the space with the melt of a given viscosity. At least one waveguide is led, for example, to the outside surface of the bottom of the channel of the forehearth.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for drying book and similar paper-based materials in wet or frozen state, in which the material dried is exposed to microwave irradiation with frequency from 500 MHz to 10 GHz and in which the book or similar paper-based materials is lined with ceramic slabs before the drying. In this arrangement the materials are subsequently exposed to microwaves under atmospheric or reduced pressure. An apparatus for carrying out the method includes microwave drying oven modified for a batch or continuous operation, which includes adjustable ceramic slabs capable to absorb both moisture and microwaves.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for preparing cinnamic acid by hydrolysis of 1,1,1,3-tetrachloro-3-phenylpropane with acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid or formic acid, optionally in the presence sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, para-toluenesulphonic acid, or a cation exchange resin containing sulphonic acid groups. The mixture is heated at a temperature from about 80.degree. to about 150.degree. C. until hydrogen chloride evolution ceases, after which time the cinnamic acid is separated.