Abstract: A photogrammetric system and techniques applicable to photogrammetric systems in general are provided. The system provides the choice between the various types of light projection on the object to be measured and methods for retrieving 3D points on the object using a pattern projection method, a coded light method, and/or a method using intrinsic features of the object or a combination of such methods. A first technique provides camera position approximation using known distances between features. A second technique provides image processing parameters that take into account the local distance and orientation of the object to measured. A third technique provides the 3D correction of the position of the center of a sphere when imaging a spherical object.

Abstract: Three techniques applicable to photogrammetric systems are taught. The first one is for performing camera position approximation, wherein an image is taken and using this image, it is possible to approximate the position the camera was in when taking the picture. The second technique is for reconstructing planar objects using one image with the planar object present in the image. The third technique is a precision estimation method of reconstructed points. The system performs for each points of interest a simulation of the physical process of image capture, calibration, and reconstruction. The simulation is based on the given tolerances for the system parameters.

Abstract: A method for measuring such parameters as height, position, shape, colinearity, and coplanarity of arrays of minute objects on the surface of integrated circuits, such as Ball Grid Arrays (BGA), all in one simple and straight forward procedure during the manufacturing process of integrated circuits. Shadows of the objects are created on the substrate through the use of x-rays or other light sources placed at predetermined distances and angles from the objects. An imaging device obtains images from the shadows cast onto the substrate and the images are then analyzed to determine if they meet predefined parameters. Multiple sources of illumination can be used to illuminate the array in order to create a more precise image for analysis and three dimensional images of the BGA can be created for analysis.

Abstract: For accurate position calculation of scintillation events in a gamma camera, photodetector signals are processed based on small groups of photodetectors surrounding the scintillations. Relative position correction and energy correction is carried out based on rough position values relative to the group of photodetectors, taking into consideration the number of the center photodetector and the sum of all photodetector signals in the group.