Abstract: A method of modifying a test nuclear receptor (NR) polypeptide is disclosed. The method provides a test NR polypeptide sequence having a characteristic that is targeted for modification; aligning the test NR polypeptide sequence with at least one reference NR polypeptide sequence for which an X-ray structure is available; building a three-dimensional model for the test NR polypeptide using the three-dimensional coordinates of the X-ray structure(s) of at least one reference polypeptide and its sequence alignment with the test NR polypeptide sequence; examining the three-dimensional model of the test NR polypeptide sequence for characteristic differences with the reference polypeptide; and mutating at least one amino acid residue in the test NR polypeptide sequence at a characteristic difference, whereby the test NR polypeptide is modified.

Abstract: Compounds of formula (1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, acid isostere, or hydrolyzable ester thereof, are disclosed. Methods of making and using the compounds are also disclosed. In particular methods for treating diseases or conditions associated with one or more of human PPAR alpha, gamma, or delta (“hPPARs”) comprising administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (1), are disclosed.