Abstract: A firmware verification system is suitable for a secure boot stage. The firmware verification system comprises a non-volatile firmware list storage device. The non-volatile firmware list storage device is configured to store a firmware list; wherein each entry corresponds to a firmware stored in a flash memory in a microcontroller, and each entry includes a plurality of fields. The bootloader reads the entries. According to the contents of the fields in each entry, the bootloader determines the correctness of the public key and the correctness of the digital signature for each firmware in the microcontroller.

Abstract: A memory device and an operating method thereof are provided. The memory device includes a memory controller, an address transforming circuit, and a memory array. The memory controller generates a programming address among multiple candidate programming addresses according to an application. The address transforming circuit stores multiple physical address data and multiple mask data. The physical address data respectively correspond to the candidate programming addresses. The address transforming circuit executes a first logical calculation according to the programming address, the physical address data, and the mask data to generate a physical address. The memory controller executes an access operation on the memory array according to the physical address.

Abstract: A firmware verification system is suitable for a secure boot stage. The firmware verification system comprises a non-volatile firmware list storage device. The non-volatile firmware list storage device is configured to store a firmware list; wherein each entry corresponds to a firmware stored in a flash memory in a microcontroller, and each entry includes a plurality of fields. The bootloader reads the entries. According to the contents of the fields in each entry, the bootloader determines the correctness of the public key and the correctness of the digital signature for each firmware in the microcontroller.