Abstract: An integrated circuit device includes a backside insulating structure including an etch stop pattern, gate lines arranged over the backside insulating structure and each overlapping the etch stop pattern in a vertical direction, source/drain regions respectively arranged one-by-one between the gate lines, and a backside via contact passing through the etch stop pattern in the vertical direction and connected to a first source/drain region selected from the source/drain regions, wherein the backside via contact includes a stepped portion, which is apart from a first vertical level in the vertical direction by as much as a first distance and has a change in the width of the backside via contact in a horizontal direction at a second vertical level that is adjacent to the etch stop pattern, the first vertical level being closest to the plurality of gate lines in the backside insulating structure.

Abstract: Provided is a gene delivery composition including nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots as an active ingredient, the nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots of the present invention exhibiting excellent safety and low cytotoxicity in room temperature, and having positively charged surfaces, thereby binding with negatively charged genes through electrostatic attractive force and thus being capable of delivering the genes into cells, and exhibiting excellent gene delivery efficiency and transfection efficiency, thereby being expected to be usefully employable for a gene delivery platform for gene therapy.

Abstract: A semiconductor device comprising: a substrate including an active region extending in a first direction; a gate structure extending in a second direction on the active region; source/drain regions on the active region and adjacent the gate structure; a backside insulating layer on a lower surface of the substrate; a vertical power structure between adjacent source/drain regions, wherein the vertical power structure extends through the substrate and the backside insulating layer and has an exposed lower surface exposed; an interlayer insulating layer on the backside insulating layer; a backside power structure that extends through the interlayer insulating layer and is connected to the vertical power structure; and a first alignment insulating layer between the backside insulating layer and the interlayer insulating layer, wherein the first alignment insulating layer has a first opening exposing the lower surface of the vertical power structure and contacts the backside power structure.