Abstract: A protective sheet is to be laid on an endless belt sheet and covers a surface of the endless belt sheet to protect the surface. When the protective sheet is laid on the endless belt sheet, the bending stiffness of the protective sheet is lower in the circumferential direction of the endless belt sheet than in the width direction that is orthogonal relative to the circumferential direction. Thus, the risk of being bent and damaged of the endless belt sheet is minimized and the cumbersomeness of the operation of replacing the endless belt sheet is remarkably reduced by using such a protective sheet.

Abstract: A porous body belt includes a body to be connected including a porous body, a connecting material A that is disposed on the body to be connected by spanning a gap between end portions of the body to be connected and contains a fiber A and a resin material A, and the resin material A penetrates at least a part of a void portion of the porous body of the body to be connected, and bonds the end portions of the body to be connected to each other.

Abstract: A porous body belt includes a body to be connected including a porous body, a connecting material A that bonds end portions of the body to be connected to each other, and a welding material A which is disposed between the body to be connected and the connecting material A, penetrates at least a part of a void portion of the porous body of the body to be connected, and adheres the body to be connected and the connecting material A to each other.

Abstract: A power transmission apparatus includes a first pulley and a second pulley. A belt is extended around them. A supply unit supplies a voltage such that the first pulley and the belt are electrostatically attracted and that the second pulley and the belt are electrostatically attracted. The belt includes a conductor layer. At least one pulley includes a first electrode to which a first voltage is applied and a second electrode that is insulated from the first electrode and to which a second voltage is applied. An insulating layer or a dielectric layer is arranged between the conductor layer of the belt and the first electrode of the at least one pulley and an insulating layer or a dielectric layer is arranged between the conductor layer of the belt and the second electrode of the at least one pulley.

Abstract: A power transmission apparatus includes a first pulley and a second pulley. A belt is extended around them. A supply unit supplies a voltage such that the first pulley and the belt are electrostatically attracted and that the second pulley and the belt are electrostatically attracted. The belt includes a conductor layer. At least one pulley includes a first electrode to which a first voltage is applied and a second electrode that is insulated from the first electrode and to which a second voltage is applied. An insulating layer or a dielectric layer is arranged between the conductor layer of the belt and the first electrode of the at least one pulley and an insulating layer or a dielectric layer is arranged between the conductor layer of the belt and the second electrode of the at least one pulley.

Abstract: A detecting device for detecting a surface potential of a photosensitive member includes a first electrode adapted to be positioned with a space relative to a surface of the photosensitive member; a second electrode adapted to be positioned relative to the surface of the photosensitive member at the distance from the first electrode away from the surface; a first detecting portion configured to detect induced charge in the first electrode; a second detecting portion configured to detect induced charge in the second electrode; a calculating portion configured to calculate a surface potential of the photosensitive member on the basis of an output of the first detecting portion and an output of the second detecting portion.

Abstract: In an image forming apparatus, in the case where a time necessary for a developer bearing member to rotate from a measurement position where an attracting unit attracts the toner on the developer bearing member to a developing position at which an electrostatic latent image on the photosensitive member is developed by a toner on the developer bearing member is represented by a time Tqcm, a time necessary for the photosensitive member to rotate from an exposure position at which an exposure unit exposes the photosensitive member to the developing position is represented by a time Tetd, and a time necessary for a control unit to control an exposing condition based on a charge amount measured by a measuring unit is represented by a time Tp, the attracting unit is disposed so that Tqcm?Tedt+Tp holds true.

Abstract: A detection device configured to detect a charge amount of toner on a developer carrier includes an assembly with a quartz oscillator and having a first surface and a second surface that are provided in the quartz oscillator. The first surface has a recess and a projection formed in a direction in which the quartz oscillator vibrates. In addition, a capacitor is connected to the assembly, a first measurement unit measures a potential difference between two ends of the capacitor, and a second measurement unit measures a frequency of the quartz oscillator. In a case where an alternating-current power is applied to the assembly, the direction in which the quartz oscillator vibrates is parallel to the first surface.

Abstract: A detecting device for detecting a surface potential of a photosensitive member includes a first electrode adapted to be positioned with a space relative to a surface of the photosensitive member; a second electrode adapted to be positioned relative to the surface of the photosensitive member at the distance from the first electrode away from the surface; a first detecting portion configured to detect induced charge in the first electrode; a second detecting portion configured to detect induced charge in the second electrode; a calculating portion configured to calculate a surface potential of the photosensitive member on the basis of an output of the first detecting portion and an output of the second detecting portion.

Abstract: In a detection device, in a case where toner on a developing material carrier is caused to adhere to an electrode, a controller connects an assembly havin a quartz oscillator to a first capacitor using a first switch and connects the assembly to a second capacitor using a second switch; and in a case where a detection unit detects the oscillation frequency of the quartz oscillator, the controller disconnects the assembly from the first capacitor using the first switch and disconnects the assembly from the second capacitor using the second switch.

Abstract: A detection device configured to detect a charge amount of toner on a developer carrier, comprises: an assembly including a quartz oscillator and having a first surface and a second surface that are provided in the quartz oscillator, the first surface having a recess and a projection formed in a direction in which the quartz oscillator vibrates; a capacitor connected to the assembly; a first measurement unit configured to measure a potential difference between two ends of the capacitor; and a second measurement unit configured to measure a frequency of the quartz oscillator, wherein in a case where an alternating-current power is applied to the assembly, the direction in which the quartz oscillator vibrates is parallel to the first surface.

Abstract: At detection device, in the case where the toner on the developing material carrier is caused to adhere to the first electrode, the controller connects the assembly to the first capacitor using the first switch and connects the assembly to the second capacitor using the second switch; and in the case where the second detection unit detects the oscillation frequency of the quartz oscillator, the controller disconnects the assembly from the first capacitor using the first switch and disconnects the assembly from the second capacitor using the second switch.

Abstract: In an image forming apparatus, in the case where a time necessary for a developer bearing member to rotate from a measurement position where an attracting unit attracts the toner on the developer bearing member to a developing position at which an electrostatic latent image on the photosensitive member is developed by a toner on the developer bearing member is represented by a time Tqcm, a time necessary for the photosensitive member to rotate from an exposure position at which an exposure unit exposes the photosensitive member to the developing position is represented by a time Tetd, and a time necessary for a control unit to control an exposing condition based on a charge amount measured by a measuring unit is represented by a time Tp, the attracting unit is disposed so that Tqcm?Tedt+Tp holds true.

Abstract: An image display apparatus includes: a rear plate having multiple electron-emitting devices; and a face plate having multiple anode electrodes and a common electrode electrically connected to the multiple anode electrodes, and facing the rear plate. The rear plate has a first conductive member at a position facing the common electrode, and the first conductive member is electrically connected via a resistive device to a second conductive member that is applied with a potential lower than a potential which is applied to the multiple anode electrodes.

Abstract: In a method of fabricating an electron-emitting device, an activation step is performed in shorter time. The method forms a deposit of carbon or carbon compound on a precursory structure which becomes an electron-emitting region in an electron-emitting device made on a substrate and comprises a first step for depositing carbon or carbon compound in a gas atmosphere which includes a carbon compound of a first molecular weight, and subsequently a second step for depositing carbon or carbon compound in a gas atmosphere which includes a carbon compound of a second molecular weight smaller than the first molecular weight.

Abstract: In a method of fabricating an electron-emitting device, an activation step is performed in shorter time.

Abstract: An active matrix-type liquid crystal device is constituted by a pair of substrates, a chiral smectic liquid crystal composition disposed between the pair of substrates so as to form a plurality of pixels, and a plurality of active elements provided to the pixels, respectively, for driving the liquid crystal device in a matrix driving scheme. The chiral smectic liquid crystal composition may preferably comprise at least two specific fluorine-containing mesomorphic compounds and assume two stable states between which a threshold voltage for switching from one of the two stable states to the other stable state is different from a threshold voltage for switching from the other stable state to said one of the two stable states and liquid crystal molecules of the liquid crystal composition change their alignment states so as to provide a halftone state depending on a voltage applied to the chiral smectic liquid crystal.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device includes a pair of transparent substrates disposed with a prescribed gap therebetween and each having a transparent electrode thereon, a photoelectric conversion semiconductor layer not subjected to rubbing formed on one of the pair of transparent substrates, and alignment film subjected to rubbing formed on the other of the pair of transparent substrates, an a liquid crystal disposed between the photoelectric conversion semiconductor layer and the alignment film. As the photoelectric conversion semiconductor is freed from an aligning performance, the material thereof is freed from the constraint and can be selected so as to optimize the photoelectric conversion performance.

Abstract: An electronic circuit apparatus comprises an array of M.times.N functional elements, M.times.N switching elements provided in a one-to-one correspondence with the M.times.N functional elements, a shift register having M output lines, and a selector having N select lines. M control lines are commonly connected in units of N elements of the M.times.N switching elements. The M control lines are connected to the M output lines of said shift register. N input and/or output lines are commonly connected in units of M elements of the M.times.N switching elements. The N input and/or output lines are connected to the N select lines of the selector. Transistors constituting the shift register are thin-film transistors. And, transistors constituting the selector are transistors each having an active region consisting of a single-crystal semiconductor.

Abstract: An optical apparatus includes an optical modulation means having a pair of electrodes, and a photoconductor layer and an optical modulation substance layer disposed between the electrodes, a signal light source for supplying light data carrying gradation data to the photoconductor layer, and a readout light illuminator for supplying readout light for reading out picture data to the optical modulation substance layer. The readout light illuminator is driven so as to supply readout light having a planar light intensity distribution providing a constant product of a gradation period and a readout light intensity at each readout site of the optical modulation substance, or so as to scan the photoconductor layer with the light data frame by frame in mutually different scanning directions in succeeding frames.