Abstract: A light-emitting device, including a first type semiconductor layer, a patterned insulating layer, a light-emitting layer, and a second type semiconductor layer, is provided. The patterned insulating layer covers the first type semiconductor layer and has a plurality of insulating openings. The insulating openings are separated from each other. The light-emitting layer is located in the plurality of insulating openings and covers a portion of the first type semiconductor layer. The second type semiconductor layer is located on the light-emitting layer.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising a fiber optical loop for conducting a first and a second pulse having a corresponding first and second wavelength, a first splitter for separating the first and second light pulses in the optical loop into a first and second light path to introduce a predetermined time delay between the first and second light pulses, a coupler for tapping a replica of the pair of light pulses from the loop, an auto-correlation module, coupled to the coupler, for correlating the replica of the pair of light pulses with each other to produce a set of data points comprising a plurality of multiplied and correlated pair of pulses and a transform module, coupled to the auto-correlation module, for transforming the data points into a channelized frequency spectrum.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising a fiber optical loop for conducting a first and a second pulse having a corresponding first and second wavelength, a first splitter for separating the first and second light pulses in the optical loop into a first and second light path to introduce a predetermined time delay between the first and second light pulses, a coupler for tapping a replica of the pair of light pulses from the loop, an auto-correlation module, coupled to the coupler, for correlating the replica of the pair of light pulses with each other to produce a set of data points comprising a plurality of multiplied and correlated pair of pulses and a transform module, coupled to the auto-correlation module, for transforming the data points into a channelized frequency spectrum.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention are low cost, robust, broadband, optimum, high precision methods and apparatus of processing pulsed, transient, non-cooperative, non-reproducible, complex, or simultaneous signals based on correlation measurements utilizing optical RF signal train generators. An embodiment of the inventive apparatus comprises: (a) a signal receiving apparatus which receives one or more signals, and outputs the signals; (b) a replica generation apparatus, which comprises one or more RF signal train generators, accepts signals from the receiving apparatus as inputs, and outputs trains of replica pairs, where relative separations between two members in the replica pairs are same or different; and (c) an integration apparatus which performs Doppler, self, or mutual (cross) correlation operations on the replica pairs at RF or optical level.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for receiving electromagnetic waves using photonics includes a transmission unit transmitting electromagnetic waves in intervals; a time delay unit coupled to the transmission unit and controlling the transmission unit to transmit the electromagnetic waves in the intervals; an antenna receiving the electromagnetic waves reflected from the target; an interferoceiver coupled to the antenna and receiving the electromagnetic waves from the antenna, the interferoceiver comprising an optical recirculation loop to produce replica electromagnetic waves; and a computer identifying the target from the reflected electromagnetic waves.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for receiving electromagnetic waves using photonics includes a transmission unit transmitting electromagnetic waves in intervals; a time delay unit coupled to the transmission unit and controlling the transmission unit to transmit the electromagnetic waves in the intervals; an antenna receiving the electromagnetic waves reflected from the target; an interferoceiver coupled to the antenna and receiving the electromagnetic waves from the antenna, the interferoceiver comprising an optical recirculation loop to produce replica electromagnetic waves; and a computer identifying the target from the reflected electromagnetic waves.

Abstract: The embodiments of the present invention are most optimum methods and apparatus for processing transient (pulsed, non-cooperative, non-reproducible, complex, or simultaneous) signals; in particular, for their unbeatable vigor in passive source identifications; for their ultra precision transient spatial range and Doppler measurements; for their supreme powers in rejection noise and interference contamination; for their utmost abilities in deciphering random, chaotic, turbulent, explosive, thermo nuclear, and other countless transient phenomena.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention are low cost, robust, broadband, optimum, high precision methods and apparatus of processing pulsed, transient, non-cooperative, non-reproducible, complex, or simultaneous signals based on correlation measurements utilizing optical RF signal train generators. An embodiment of the inventive apparatus comprises: (a) a signal receiving apparatus which receives one or more signals, and outputs the signals; (b) a replica generation apparatus, which comprises one or more RF signal train generators, accepts signals from the receiving apparatus as inputs, and outputs trains of replica pairs, where relative separations between two members in the replica pairs are same or different; and (c) an integration apparatus which performs Doppler, self, or mutual (cross) correlation operations on the replica pairs at RF or optical level.

Abstract: The invention presents a design of optimum edges for antennas of loudspeakers, microphones, hydro-speakers, hydro-phones, brass and wind instruments, and ultrasonic transducers. These edges have a serrated-roll shape, and enhance the acoustical field strength uniformity. Loudspeakers, hydro-speakers, and ultrasonic transducers will become more effective in radiating acoustical power. The quality of these apparatuses are enriched. The musical tone emitted by loudspeakers, brass and wind instruments becomes more smooth, mellow, rich, clean, and elegant.

Abstract: This invention relates to advanced RF support systems which utilize optical fibers or direct lasers to achieve RF transmission and reception of navigation signals from widely separated supporting sites. The functional goals of these systems are to support navigation, guidance, control, and survey systems. A RF supporting network according to the present invention comprises a master supporting site; a number of secondary supporting sites; and a network of optical RF link systems which links secondary supporting sites with the master supporting site. The stable clock, GPS signal generators, and receivers are located only at the master site, which is also the processing, command, and control center. A network architecture of the present invention will provide a low cost mean to users in need of precision navigation and time information. Furthermore, the present invention furnishes an advance means in determining the instantaneous velocity of GPS satellites with high accuracy.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention are inspection methods and inspection apparatus for high speed, high precision inspection using parallel processing.

Abstract: Interferoceivers are apparatus which use optical fiber loop based radio frequency (RF) signal train generators to store transient pulses and regenerate their identical replicas for analysis. The present invention further advances the art of RF signal train generators and interferoceivers in investigating acoustical, electromagnetic, and optical transient phenomena. The disclosure includes mechanisms for tuning the interferoceivers, and means for forming synthetic images with chaotic pulses or pulses of opportunity.

Abstract: A descriptor has the capabilities of providing state vectors to describe movable platforms, extended objects, information collecting and surveillance systems. An aggregator furnishes the descriptor with abilities to deliver the state vectors in dynamical situations of instabilities and chaos. The former comprises navigation antennas, optical RF link systems, and processing center for delivering the state vectors from received navigation RF signals. The latter comprises an RF delay loop for aggregating a train of RF signals into a single RF pulsed signal and means for outputting the pulsed signal for analysis. The aggregator has many applications. For instance, an aggregator is able to unscramble pseudo random signals with partial codes and to enhance the statistics of weak transient signals.

Abstract: A radar system comprises an optical fiber RF storage subsystem for storing a portion of RF signals before the transmission. The radar system further comprises a coherent RF receiver to process reflected RF signals using stored RF signals as a reference. Furthermore, the optical fiber RF storage system is used to store initially received RF signals for comparison with sequentially received RF signals.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention are inspection methods and inspection apparatus for use in inspecting a sample such a wafer, photomask, and the like used in the semiconductor industry to fabricate circuits, memory, and the like.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention are inspection methods and inspection apparatus using superbroad radiation.

Abstract: New apparatus comprise a optical fiber based RF signal train generator for storing transient RF pulses and regenerating the identical replicas for analysis. The apparatus further comprise RF receivers to process one stored pulse with a reference to other stored pulse. The present invention drastically increases our abilities to investigate acoustical, electromagnetic, and optical transient phenomena.

Abstract: New apparatus comprise a comprises an optical fiber based RF signal train generator for storing transient RF pulses and regenerating the identical replicas for analysis. The apparatus further comprise comprises an RF receivers receiver to process one stored pulse with a reference to other another stored pulse. The present invention drastically increases our abilities to investigate acoustical, electromagnetic, and optical transient phenomena.

Abstract: An optical RF stereo systems includes multiple remote vehicles, a processing center, and optical RF link systems for transmitting RF signals from remote vehicles to the processing center and for transmitting command and control signals from the processing center to remote vehicles.

Abstract: A bistatic radar system includes a transmitting radar site; a receiving radar site; and an optical fiber RF link system for transmitting RF signals from the receiving site to the transmitting site and for transmitting command and control signals from the transmitting site to the receiving site.