Abstract: A machine for teaching students to read is equipped with a visual display, a manual keyboard for entering alphabet letter responses, correctness and incorrectness indicators of display responses, and conditioning means for initiating particular grammar characteristic sequences to be practiced. The machine also includes a repertoire of words and letter combinations corresponding to word roots encoded in an electronic form and stored in digital memory. A word set is assembled in response to an instruction from the conditioning means concerning the word structure characteristic sequence to be practiced. Words or word roots are selected at random from the assembled word set for display or partial display. The student, through the keyboard,is thereby able to identify particular vowels and consonants, long and short vowel sounds, soft and hard consonant sounds, determine the number of syllables in a word, identify misspelled words, supply missing letters, and identify words as to their grammatical parts of speech.

Abstract: A machine for teaching students to read is equipped with a visual display, a manual keyboard for entering alphabet letter responses, correctness and incorrectness indicators of display responses, and conditioning means for initiating particular grammar characteristic sequences to be practiced. The machine also includes a repertoire of words and letter combinations corresponding to word roots encoded in an electronic form and stored in digital memory. A word set is assembled in response to an instruction from the conditioning means concerning the grammar characteristic sequence to be practiced. Words or word roots are selected at random from the assembled word set for display or partial display. The student, through the keyboard, is thereby able to identify particular vowels and consonants, long and short vowel sounds, soft and hard consonant sounds, determine the number of syllables in a word, identify misspelled words, supply missing letters, and identify words as to their grammatical parts of speech.

Abstract: Apparatus for training pupils in arithmetic present arithmetic problems at least some of which call for an answer having more than one digit. The answer is received from the pupil in a digit-by-digit manner. In the case of a two-digit answer, the correctness of the first digit is determined prior to the receipt of the second digit of the particular answer. Any incorrectness of the first digit is indicated to the pupil and the correct answer is also displayed to the pupil before receipt of the second digit from him.

Abstract: Apparatus for displaying a mathematical equation including an arithmetic function sign, digits adjacent the arithmetic function sign and digits remote from the arithmetic function sign provides blanking intervals between succeeding energizations of display portions and interpose the energization of a remote digit display between the energization of the arithmetic function sign display and an adjacent digit display.