Abstract: An image pre-processing method and an image processing apparatus for a fundoscopic image are provided. A region of interest (ROI) is obtained from a fundoscopic image to generate a first image. The ROI is focused on an eyeball in the fundoscopic image. A smoothing process is performed on the first image to generate a second image. A value difference between neighboring pixels in the second image is increased to generate a third image.

Abstract: The valve for use in cleaning pipeline systems includes an access port in the body; access port having an opening and configured to receive a cleaning element; a latching mechanism; the latching mechanism being coupled to the access port and having an open configuration and a closed configuration; a locking pin; the locking pin coupled to the latching mechanism and configured to keep the latching mechanism in the closed configuration; an integrated pressure-alert valve; the integrated pressure-alert valve configured to keep the latching mechanism in a temporarily locked condition. Valve is useful for wherein the open configuration allows access to the access port opening when the latching mechanism is in an unlatched and opened state; wherein the closed configuration prevents access to the access port opening when the latching mechanism is in a latched and closed state; and wherein the valve is configured to be used in cleaning pipeline systems.

Abstract: An integrated circuit comprises a first cell having first cell height and a first line routed at a first line height and having a first line width. The integrated circuit also comprises a second cell having a second cell height different from the first cell height and a second line routed at a second line height and a second line width different from the first line width. The integrated circuit further comprises a third cell. The third cell has a third line having a first end and a second end. The first end has a first end width. The second end has a second end width. The first end width is equal to the first line width. The second end width is equal to the second line width. The first end is coupled with the first line. The second end is coupled with the second line.

Abstract: An integrated circuit comprises a first cell having first cell height and a first line routed at a first line height and having a first line width. The integrated circuit also comprises a second cell having a second cell height different from the first cell height and a second line routed at a second line height and a second line width different from the first line width. The integrated circuit further comprises a third cell. The third cell has a third line having a first end and a second end. The first end has a first end width. The second end has a second end width. The first end width is equal to the first line width. The second end width is equal to the second line width. The first end is coupled with the first line. The second end is coupled with the second line.