Abstract: An alternating flow column chromatography apparatus comprising a ‘U’ shaped or T shaped separation column including at least one loading port for loading of components for separation, a first purification column in fluid communication with one end of the separation column and a second purification column in fluid communication with another end of the separation column, at least one eluent input port, an eluate output port and an alternating flow valve in fluid communication with the primary eluent input port, the eluate output port, the first purification column and the second purification column wherein, when operated, the alternating flow valve reverses the flow of eluent through the purification columns and the separation column. Also a method of using the apparatus. A benefit of the apparatus and method is more efficient operation compared to existing direct flow column chromatography apparatuses.

Abstract: An alternating flow column chromatography apparatus comprising a ‘U’ shaped or T shaped separation column including at least one loading port for loading of components for separation, a first purification column in fluid communication with one end of the separation column and a second purification column in fluid communication with another end of the separation column, at least one eluent input port, an eluate output port and an alternating flow valve in fluid communication with the primary eluent input port, the eluate output port, the first purification column and the second purification column wherein, when operated, the alternating flow valve reverses the flow of eluent through the purification columns and the separation column. Also a method of using the apparatus. A benefit of the apparatus and method is more efficient operation compared to existing direct flow column chromatography apparatuses.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a sorbent material, comprising firstly providing a porous silica substrate, said substrate comprising a plurality of silanol groups on a surface thereof then reacting said silanol groups with either a silicon compound of formula RnSi(OR?)4-n, where R is an alkyl group and n is 0 or 1, or an aminoalkyl silane of formula R?mRnSi(OR?)4-n-m having at least two hydrolysable groups attached to silicon, where R? is an aminoalkyl group, m is 1 or 2 and n is 0 or 1s or a compound of formula M(OR?)4, or a mixture of any two or more of the preceding compounds, hydrolyzing the product, men reacting hydroxyl groups formed with one or more reagents, wherein each reagent is independently selected from the group consisting of an aminoalkyl silane having at least two hydrolysable groups attached to the silicon and a compound of formula M(OR?)4, and finally hydrolyzing the product, wherein each OR? independently is a hydrolysable group and each M independently is Zr, Ti, Hf, Sn,

Abstract: PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED To provide an in-cylinder flow measuring method and a system thereof in an internal combustion engine configured to grasp simultaneously an air-fuel mixture flow and the flame behavior in the flow field under the firing condition.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a sorbent material, comprising firstly providing a porous silica substrate, said substrate comprising a plurality of silanol groups on a surface thereof then reacting said silanol groups with either a silicon compound of formula RnSi(OR?)4-n, where R is an alkyl group and n is 0 or 1, or an aminoalkyl silane of formula R?mRnSi(OR?)4-n-m having at least two hydrolysable groups attached to silicon, where R? is an aminoalkyl group, m is 1 or 2 and n is 0 or 1s or a compound of formula M(OR?)4, or a mixture of any two or more of the preceding compounds, hydrolysing the product, men reacting hydroxyl groups formed with one or more reagents, wherein each reagent is independently selected from the group consisting of an aminoalkyl silane having at least two hydrolysable groups attached to the silicon and a compound of formula M(OR?)4, and finally hydrolysing the product, wherein each OR? independently is a hydrolysable group and each M independently is Zr, Ti, Hf, Sn,