Abstract: A variable resistance memory device includes a substrate, a first conductive line on the substrate, the first conductive line extending in a first horizontal direction, a second conductive line extending on the first conductive line in a second horizontal direction perpendicular to the first horizontal direction, and a memory cell at an intersection between the first conductive line and the second conductive line, the memory cell having a selection element layer, an intermediate electrode layer, and a variable resistance layer, and the variable resistance layer having a shape of stairs with a concave center.

Abstract: A dash insulation pad for a vehicle, which is manufactured by adding thermoexpandable microcapsules when a sound insulation sheet is manufactured so that the sound insulation sheet which is heavy is lightened, to obtain required performance thereof, which is equal to or higher than that of a conventional sound insulation sheet. Particularly, a dash insulation pad for a vehicle, in which thermoexpandable microcapsules individually expanding to form air pores are added to and foamed in a sound insulation sheet so that cells in the sound insulation sheet are independently and uniformly formed even without using chemical gas and the like so that the dash insulation pad is uniformly formed and lightened.