Abstract: A method for transferring a toner image on the surface of an image-bearing member obtained as a result of development with a conductive or semi-conductive toner material to the surface of a receptor member, which comprises bringing the surface of the receptor member into contact with the toner image on the surface of the image-bearing member and simultaneously applying a corona discharge to the back surface of the receptor member. The angle formed between the lines of electric force of the corona discharge and a line perpendicular to the receptor member does not exceed about 30 degrees.

Abstract: A copy paper counting method for a copying apparatus including the steps of: counting the copy paper by means of a first counter; terminating the feed of the copy paper when the counting value stored in the first counter becomes equal to the preset number of the copy paper; counting the discharged copy paper by means of a second counter; and detecting paper jamming, and supplying the counting value of the second counter to the counting value of the first counter. It is not necessary to preset the number of required copies again after a jammed paper is expelled. Since the copying operation is continuously restarted, the preset number of copies are precisely reproduced.

Abstract: A fixing and heating device for an electrostatic copying apparatus includes a fixing roller which (a) remains stationary at least until a toner is softened, (b) is driven at a low speed to even the surface temperature of the fixing roller when the surface temperature is lower than a temperature suitable for fixing, and is equal to the temperature suitable for fixing except during a fixing operation, and (c) is driven at a speed suitable for fixing when the surface temperature is suitable for fixing during the fixing operation.

Abstract: A fixing and heating device for an electrostatic copying apparatus includes a fixing roller which (a) remains stationary at least until a toner is softened, (b) is driven at a low speed to even the surface temperature of the fixing roller when the surface temperature is lower than a temperature suitable for fixing when the surface temperature and is equal to the temperature suitable for fixing except during a fixing operation, and (c) is driven at a speed suitable for fixing when the surface temperature is suitable for fixing during the fixing operation.

Abstract: A fixing and heating device for an electrostatic copying apparatus includes a fixing roller which (a) remains stationary at least until a toner is softened, (b) is driven at a low speed to even the surface temperature of the fixing roller when the surface temperature is lower than a temperature suitable for fixing and when the surface temperature is equal to the temperature suitable for fixing except during a fixng operation, and (c) is driven at a speed suitable for fixing when the surface temperature is suitable for fixing during the fixing operation.

Abstract: An apparatus for developing an electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of an electrostatic latent image-bearing material by applying a powdery developer, wherein means are provided for bringing the surface of a developer-retaining member retaining a layer of the powdery developer thereon into rolling contact with the surface of the image-bearing material in such a relation that a reservoir zone of the developer is formed at least upstream of the zone of rolling contact between the two surfaces, and means are provided for physically disturbing the developer in the reservoir zone to cause the developer to make an irregular motion.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for developing an electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of an electrostatic latent image-bearing material by applying a powdery developer, wherein the surface of a developer-retaining member retaining a layer of the powdery developer thereon is brought into rolling contact with the surface of the image-bearing material in such a relation that a reservoir zone of the developer is formed at least upstream of the zone of rolling contact between the two surfaces, and the developer in the reservoir zone is physically disturbed.