Abstract: The present disclosure can allow existing and aspiring drivers to be exposed to a plurality of salient driving items, i.e., objects or activities that may require cognitive awareness from the driver, so as to keep these items from becoming a hazard, e.g., something that has the potential of causing vehicle collision/damage, property damage, or personal injury. The user is repetitively and, in some embodiments, simultaneously, exposed to salient items and other non-salient items (i.e., objects or activities that do not require cognitive awareness but are in the driver's field-of-view) in a virtual environment, facilitating the inducement of a recognition response when these same salient items are encountered while driving a vehicle. In certain embodiments, the user can be scored based upon the user's ability to recognize the salient items in a timely manner and in an appropriate sequence.