Abstract: A heat exchanger includes an enclosure with distinct inlets and outlets for hot and cold fluids. The enclosure also houses a heat exchanger core, which includes a partition defining sets of hot and cold fluid channels. This partition features a common boundary between a cold fluid channel and a hot fluid channel facilitating heat exchange between the hot and cold fluids. The partition is designed such that at least some cold fluid channels exhibit variations in the common boundary's area per unit length along their extensions. These changes are designed to promote a predetermined and optimized heat exchange between the cold and hot fluids, increasing heat exchanger's efficiency and offering enhanced thermal performance in a compact and well-structured configuration.

Abstract: Light emitting structures are disclosed that can include a semiconductor light emitting diode (LED) that includes a p-n junction active layer. A first layer can include a binder material having a thickness that is less than about 1000 ?m, wherein the first layer is directly on the LED. A second layer can include phosphor particles, where the second layer can have a thickness that is less than about 1000 ?m and can be directly on the first layer so that the first layer is between the LED and the second layer.

Abstract: Light emitting structures are disclosed that can include a semiconductor light emitting diode (LED) that includes a p-n junction active layer. A first layer can include a binder material having a thickness that is less than about 1000 ?m, wherein the first layer is directly on the LED. A second layer can include phosphor particles, where the second layer can have a thickness that is less than about 1000 ?m and can be directly on the first layer so that the first layer is between the LED and the second layer.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed including applying a layer of binder material onto an LED structure. A luminescent solution including an optical material suspended in a solution is atomized using a flow of pressurized gas, and the atomized luminescent solution is sprayed onto the LED structure including the layer of binder material using the flow of pressurized gas.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed including applying a layer of binder material onto an LED structure. A luminescent solution including an optical material suspended in a solution is atomized using a flow of pressurized gas, and the atomized luminescent solution is sprayed onto the LED structure including the layer of binder material using the flow of pressurized gas.

Abstract: In a method of operating an internal combustion engine, an antioxidant composition is introduced into a combustion chamber of the engine. The antioxidant composition contains (A) a sterically hindered phenol; (B) an alkylene or alkylidene coupled sterically hindered phenol oligomer; (C) a secondary aromatic amine; (D) a reaction product of a hydrocarbyl-substituted hydroxy-containing aromatic compound, an aldehyde, and a carboxyl-substituted phenol; or (E) a mixture thereof. The method improves the performance of a lubricating oil of the engine.

Abstract: An additive composition comprises a Mannich reaction product of a) a polyisobutylene (PIB) alkylated hydroxyaromatic compound, b) an aldehyde, and c) an amine containing at least one reactive amino group where the PIB is derived from a conventional PIB and a high vinylidene PIB. A fuel additive concentrate composition, a fuel composition, and a method to reduce deposit formation in a fuel system of an internal combustion engine employ the additive composition that comprises the Mannich reaction product which is unexpectedly effective in reducing deposits. A PIB alkylated hydroxyaromatic compound, that is prepared from a mixture of high vinylidene and conventional PIBs, is both a functional additive and an intermediate to a functional additive and the process to prepare it involves running the alkylation reaction at 5 to 40° C.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method to clean up or keep clean the fuel system of a direct injection spark-ignited engine by operating the engine with a fuel composition that includes a liquid fuel and a fuel additive composition. The fuel additive composition useful in the present invention has at least one nitrogen-containing dispersant and optionally a fluidizer where the dispersant has a specific lipophilic parameter and the dispersant or the dispersant and the fluidizer have a specific hydrophilic-lipophilic parameter, the dispersant provides about 0.15 to about 50 ppm by weight nitrogen in the fuel composition, and the fluidizer and/or the dispersant provide about 10 to about 10,000 ppm by weight active components in the fuel composition. The method of the present invention is effective in controlling deposits in fuel injectors and combustion chambers of a direct injection spark-ignited engine.

Abstract: In a method of operating an internal combustion engine, a nitrogen-containing detergent composition is introduced into a combustion chamber of the engine wherein the detergent composition can improve the performance of both a fuel composition and a lubricating oil of the engine. The detergent composition contains (A) a reaction product of a hydrocarbyl-substituted acylating agent and an amine, (B) a hydrocarbyl-substituted amine, (C) a Mannich reaction product, (D) a high molecular weight polyetheramine, or (E) a mixture thereof.

Abstract: A method for preventing combustion chamber deposits from causing start-failures in an internal combustion engine comprises operating the engine with a fuel composition that contains a normally liquid fuel and a nitrogen-containing detergent that includes a polyetheramine; a Mannich reaction product of a hydrocarbyl-substituted phenol, an aldehyde and an amine; or a mixture there. The method is effective in preventing start-failures in multi-valve, low friction, spark-ignited engines.

Abstract: A fuel composition of the present invention comprises (a) a diesel fuel, (b) ethanol, (c) a surfactant, and optionally (d) a combustion improver. Methods employ the fuel composition of the present invention to provide a stable fuel composition, to improve lubricity of a fuel composition and to reduce exhaust emissions of a compression-ignited internal combustion engine.

Abstract: In a method of operating an internal combustion engine, an antioxidant composition is introduced into a combustion chamber of the engine. The antioxidant composition contains (A) a sterically hindered phenol; (B) an alkylene or alkylidene coupled sterically hindered phenol oligomer; (C) a secondary aromatic amine; (D) a reaction product of a hydrocarbyl-substituted hydroxy-containing aromatic compound, an aldehyde, and a carboxyl-substituted phenol; or (E) a mixture thereof. The method improves the performance of a lubricating oil of the engine.