Abstract: A reflective plate 72 is arranged so as to reflect infrared rays, radiated from a heating wire 71, outside of a heater 70 and may be made of steel. A number of cavities 73 are arranged on the surface of the reflective plate 72. Since the cavities 73 have an aspect ratio of 0.17 to 0.7, the infrared reflectance can be increased compared to a reflector with no cavities.

Abstract: A method of drilling holes in a work piece includes receiving a laser beam directed along an optical path; and directing the laser beam through a beam former, disposed in the optical path, to form an array of sub-beams of a first pitch size. The method demagnifies the array of sub-beams to form a reduced-size pattern of a second pitch size on the work piece. The array of sub-beams is translated, or moved in a perpendicular direction to the optical path. After translating the array of sub-beams, the method forms the reduced-size pattern of the second pitch size on the work piece. The second pitch size may be smaller than the wavelength of the laser beam.

Abstract: A reflective plate 72 is arranged so as to reflect infrared rays, radiated from a heating wire 71, outside of a heater 70 and may be made of steel. A number of cavities 73 are arranged on the surface of the reflective plate 72. Since the cavities 73 have an aspect ratio of 0.17 to 0.7, the infrared reflectance can be increased compared to a reflector with no cavities.

Abstract: An energy converter according to the present invention includes a heat source (radiator 1), which receives externally applied energy and raises its temperature, thereby emitting electromagnetic radiations, and a radiation cut portion (mesh 2) for cutting down infrared radiations, of which the wavelengths are longer than a predetermined wavelength. The mesh 2 is a woven or knitted mesh of metal wires. The openings of the woven or knitted mesh have an aperture size that is smaller than the predetermined wavelength.

Abstract: An energy converter according to the present invention includes a filament 11 for converting given energy into electromagnetic waves and radiating the waves, and a radiation suppressing portion for suppressing some of the electromagnetic waves (e.g., infrared rays), which have been radiated from the filament 11 and of which the wavelengths exceed a predetermined value. The radiation suppressing portion has a bundle 12 of fine wires 12a, of which the axial direction is aligned with a direction in which the electromagnetic waves propagate with their radiations suppressed.

Abstract: A gas sensor radiation source includes a filament in which microcavities having an opening diameter of about half of the absorption spectrum wavelength of a gas whose concentration is to be measured and a depth of twice or more greater than the opening diameter and a bulb enclosing, at a reduced pressure or with a noble gas enclosed therein, a filament. Thus, radiation can be efficiently made in accordance with the absorption spectrum of the gas to be detected.

Abstract: An incandescent lamp according to the present invention includes a radiator (such as a filament 102), which includes a plurality of cavities 120 that are arranged on at least some area of its surface in order to suppress radiations having wavelengths that are longer than a predetermined value, and a glass bulb 101 for shutting off the filament 102 from the air. The area of the filament 102 includes a layer including tungsten and carbon (such as a tungsten carbide layer), and a gas including carbon and an inert gas are enclosed within the glass bulb 101.

Abstract: An energy converter according to the present invention includes a heat source (radiator 1), which receives externally applied energy and raises its temperature, thereby emitting electromagnetic radiations, and a radiation cut portion (mesh 2) for cutting down infrared radiations, of which the wavelengths are longer than a predetermined wavelength. The mesh 2 is a woven or knitted mesh of metal wires. The openings of the woven or knitted mesh have an aperture size that is smaller than the predetermined wavelength.

Abstract: An incandescent bulb filament having a flat Light-emitting surface and high Lamp efficiency and an incandescent bulb using this filament are provided. This incandescent bulb filament is characterized in that it is a filament of ribbon shape placed on one plane, and it includes: spaced portions which are placed side by side with spaces; and connecting portions which connect the spaced portions electrically in series. Each spaced portion has a thickness that is one half the width of the spaced portion or more, and the space between at least one pair of adjacent spaced portions is less than five times the width of the spaced portion.

Abstract: A microcavity forming device is provided for making microcavities in a tungsten wire. The microcavity forming device includes a source of particles; a housing for receiving a heated tungsten wire; and a plurality of jet nozzles disposed in the housing for spraying the particles toward the heated tungsten wire. The particles are 0.35–0.75 micron in diameter. The heated tungsten wire is received in the housing and the jet nozzles spray the particles toward the tungsten wire to form the microcavities in the tungsten wire.

Abstract: An energy converter according to the present invention includes a filament 11 for converting given energy into electromagnetic waves and radiating the waves, and a radiation suppressing portion for suppressing some of the electromagnetic waves (e.g., infrared rays), which have been radiated from the filament 11 and of which the wavelengths exceed a predetermined value. The radiation suppressing portion has a bundle 12 of fine wires 12a, of which the axial direction is aligned with a direction in which the electromagnetic waves propagate with their radiations suppressed.

Abstract: An incandescent bulb filament having a flat light-emitting surface and high lamp efficiency and an incandescent bulb using this filament are provided. This incandescent bulb filament is characterized in that it is a filament of ribbon shape placed on one plane, and it includes: spaced portions which are placed side by side with spaces; and connecting portions which connect the spaced portions electrically in series. Each spaced portion has a thickness that is one half the width of the spaced portion or more, and the space between at least one pair of adjacent spaced portions is less than five times the width of the spaced portion.

Abstract: A radiator 1 according to the present invention converts heat into electromagnetic waves and then radiates the electromagnetic waves through its surface. A number of microcavities are made in at least some areas on the surface, and the surface of the microcavities 2 is covered with a layer including tungsten that is bonded to carbon.

Abstract: A microcavity forming device is provided for making microcavities in a tungsten wire. The microcavity forming device includes a source of particles; a housing for receiving a heated tungsten wire; and a plurality of jet nozzles disposed in the housing for spraying the particles toward the heated tungsten wire. The particles are 0.35-0.75 micron in diameter. The heated tungsten wire is received in the housing and the jet nozzles spray the particles toward the tungsten wire to form the microcavities in the tungsten wire.

Abstract: A microchannel forming device is provided for making microchannels in a wire. The microchannel forming device includes a plurality of dice for receiving a heated wire spaced along a longitudinal axis. Each die has a circumferential surface forming an opening, and teeth projecting normally from the surface and terminating in the opening. As the heated wire is drawn through the opening of each die, the teeth engage the heated wire to form longitudinal microchannels therein.

Abstract: A lamp system with a reflector includes a high pressure discharge lamp and a reflector. The reflector has a first opening located in a forward position of the reflector with respect to a light-emission direction and a second opening into which a sealing portion is inserted. The sealing portion has a first glass portion extending from a luminous bulb and a second glass portion provided in at least a portion inside the first glass portion, and the sealing portion has a portion to which a compressive stress is applied. When the sealing portion is disposed in a substantially horizontal direction, a microcavity is formed in at least a lower portion of the luminous bulb.

Abstract: A microchannel forming device is provided for making microchannels in a wire. The microchannel forming device includes a plurality of dice for receiving a heated wire spaced along a longitudinal axis. Each die has a circumferential surface forming an opening, and teeth projecting normally from the surface and terminating in the opening. As the heated wire is drawn through the opening of each die, the teeth engage the heated wire to form longitudinal microchannels therein.

Abstract: A method of drilling holes in a work piece includes receiving a laser beam directed along an optical path; and directing the laser beam through a beam former, disposed in the optical path, to form an array of sub-beams of a first pitch size. The method demagnifies the array of sub-beams to form a reduced-size pattern of a second pitch size on the work piece. The array of sub-beams is translated, or moved in a perpendicular direction to the optical path. After translating the array of sub-beams, the method forms the reduced-size pattern of the second pitch size on the work piece. The second pitch size may be smaller than the wavelength of the laser beam.

Abstract: A gas sensor radiation source includes a filament in which microcavities having an opening diameter of about half of the absorption spectrum wavelength of a gas whose concentration is to be measured and a depth of twice or more greater than the opening diameter and a bulb enclosing, at a reduced pressure or with a noble gas enclosed therein, a filament. Thus, radiation can be efficiently made in accordance with the absorption spectrum of the gas to be detected.