Abstract: High resolution observation is achieved at a low acceleration voltage of 5 kV or below under a high pressure condition of a sample chamber. A sample chamber has a double structure and an inner sample chamber for keeping low vacuum is arranged inside an outer sample chamber having high vacuum. A relatively high negative voltage such as ?1 to ?9 kV for decelerating electrons immediately before a sample is applied between the outer sample chamber and the inner sample chamber. When an incident electron beam passes through an objective lens, an electron beam keeping high energy and having small aberration is formed and is decelerated immediately before the sample to acquire high resolution at a low acceleration voltage.

Abstract: An indicator indicating the direction of a diffraction grating pattern is provided on a chip so that the direction of the pattern can be accurately determined. The indicator includes an anisotropic shape of the chip and the formation of a marking-off line or a mark on the chip, allowing the direction of the diffraction grating pattern to be determined from the external appearance of the chip. As a result, the chip can be mounted on a sample base while accurately determining the direction of the diffraction grating pattern, thus allowing a calibration operation to be performed accurately and reliably.

Abstract: An indicator indicating the direction of a diffraction grating pattern is provided on a chip so that the direction of the pattern can be accurately determined. The indicator includes an anisotropic shape of the chip and the formation of a marking-off line or a mark on the chip, allowing the direction of the diffraction grating pattern to be determined from the external appearance of the chip. As a result, the chip can be mounted on a sample base while accurately determining the direction of the diffraction grating pattern, thus allowing a calibration operation to be performed accurately and reliably.

Abstract: Desired reproduction of images is obtained by framing originals on an original scanning drum for trimming based upon position and size data calculated by a CPU. Reproduction image position data are obtained from a block copy and magnification data. Scan start and scan end points for scanning of a plurality of original images are determined, prior to the scanning procedure, based on the configuration of frames provided in a translucent sheet obtained from recording trimming frames.

Abstract: At least one original is patched on an input drum of a scanner or an original patching sheet to be mounted on the input drum at a desired angular orientation as a function of location data describing the location of a trimming frame on a layout sheet and the portion of the original to be patched on the trimming frame. The trimming frame corresponds to a desired scanning region of the original.

Abstract: The present invention makes it possible to reduce the processing time by dividing an image, which is to be subjected to a processing, into a plurality of sections and subjecting the thus-divided images to an image processing in a limited memory space, especially, by making most effective use of the memory spaces of plural buffer memories to reduce the number of divisions of the original picture when a high-speed affine transformation is performed in the plural buffer memories.

Abstract: A color separation method for converting plural kinds of picture signals obtained by photoelectrically scanning an original color picture with a color separation optical system into reproducible picture image signals by a plurality of kinds of color inks in which the first color separation signals types of black print of which are full-black or close thereto are converted into the second color separation signals, deflection amount between the first and the second color separation signal is obtained according to which said second color separation signals are corrected into third color separation signals. A picture basing on the third color separation signals is compared with that of basing on the first color separation signals on a color monitor and according to the result of comparison the picture image basing on the third color separation signals is visually approximated or coincide with the first one by adjusting the correction amount of said color separation signals.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing electric masks characterized by a step of setting a cutout area of the original picture adhered to an input drum by using a color scanner comprising CRT monitor and coordinate input device, a step of roughly scanning the picture in this cutout area at coarser pitch than the scanning pitch in duplicating and recording process, a step of averaging the picture signal obtained by this rough scanning into coarse sampling data, a step of writing this coarse sampling data into the background memory of CRT monitor, a step of displaying thus written coarse sampling data on the CRT monitor as a picture, a step of writing the contour of desired electric mask on the display image by using the coordinate input device while observing this display image and displaying on the control memory, a step of making an electric mask by painting out the contour and writing the electric mask data obtained at this time into the control memory, and a step of reading out the electric mask data written in the co

Abstract: Image data obtained from scanning original pictures for reproducing images and image data obtained from condensing said image data for displaying on a monitor are stored into a memory or distinct memories in a layout scanner system which is capable of performing layout work by using a monitor.

Abstract: Color-separated signals, which are adapted to fabricate color-separated printing plates, are subjected to ICR processing by the hand re-touching technique while watching them on a color monitor (which is employed to simulate printing results), thereby avoiding occurrence of localized irregularity in color tone. The method of this invention facilitates the ICR processing in a hand re-touching manner and at the same time, permits immediate observation of correction results while watching the progress of the processing on the color monitor.

Abstract: A method for reproducing picture images in which a plurality of original pictures are recorded on a recording surface of a picture scanning recording machine according to a predetermined layout comprising the steps of inputting data for configurations and dispositions of more than one closed contour in accordance with the predetermined layout and picture data to be recorded in the insides of the closed contours by a data inputting device, converting the input configuration and disposition data into closed contour data which are rearranged in the order of having been recorded on the recording surface of the machine, storing in memory these data together with picture data to be recorded inside the closed contours reading the two kinds of data out of the data memory according to the order recorded on the recording surface of the machine, and recording a picture signal or a tint screen which is output from the picture scanning input in accordance with the data inside of more than one closed contour.

Abstract: Terminals provided for processing devices of a photomechanical process are connected to a common memory via a bus, wherein all the data stored in the common memory can be output to every terminal, and new, renewed or rewritten data are input to the common memory via the corresponding terminal.

Abstract: An original divided in a plurality of regions is photoelectrically scanned and its reproduction is then recorded. Signals from a plurality of photodetectors arranged to detect each desired common region of the original in accordance with a signal representing its corresponding scanning position and its corresponding signal stored in advance in a memory device are selectively switched over and output to the recording side in accordance with sequential scanning of the plurality of regions in the original. The above method assures high productivity without need for special skill or expensive facilities.

Abstract: A novel method of scanning and recording image and an apparatus for use thereof in which: plural original pictures are attached to an original picture cylinder; the trim-region of each original picture is designated on the original picture cylinder prior to recording a duplicate image; the image signals obtained by photoelectric scanning of the original picture from within its trim-region are sampled; the data thus sampled are subjected to statistical classification and treatment for obtaining the density data of each original picture; based on this density data, the scanning condition data necessary for the optimum gradation correction and optimum color correction are determined; these scanning condition data are stored at every original picture; and at the same time, the scanning condition data which were stored at every scanning of the original picture are successively set in the image scanning and recording apparatus, in photoelectric scanning for recording the duplicate image; thus sequential scanning an

Abstract: A method and apparatus for recording plural images with desired layout by an image reproducing scanner in which frames on which images to be reproduced are moved relatively to an optical axis by maintaining a layout sheet which represents area frames on a projecting plane of a projector. The original pictures to be reproduced are mounted on a movable and rotatable original picture holder along a plane intersecting perpendicularly with the optical axis. The desired areas on which the original pictures are projected are focused by adjusting magnification ratio etc., and a pick-up scanning drum and the above described data are stored as control data. Repeating the above described, the pick-up drum on which the original picture are loaded is set up so that reproduced patterns may be recorded according to the control data.

Abstract: A layout function of an image reproducing system is expanded to be capable of performing imposition work on a photosensitive film for producing a print sheet with multiple page units reproduced from original pictures.

Abstract: In forming a sharpness emphasis signal, accidental errors produced in digital processing of the image data of pixels in a matrix are cancelled by using look-up table memories to suppress the appearance of corresponding noises onto reproduction images. The invention further provides for use of a reduced number of bits in processing the data and particularly in processing sums of products used in the process, by providing for products to have substantially the same number of bits as the factors of the product.

Abstract: A method for color correction in the process for reproducing a picture in which color separation picture signals obtained by photoelectrically scanning an original picture are converted into picture signals which correspond to four printing color inks including a black ink therein to produce respective reproduction pictures for plate making corresponding to each of the color inks. A picture signal which corresponds to a black ink is produced according to gray color components obtained from B, G and R signals of the original picture, and according to chromatic color components obtained by subtracting neutral color components from said B, G and R signals. Color separation picture signals corresponding to other color inks, and deficiency in reproduction density of the black ink to be used in a black print is corrected by said other three color inks.

Abstract: A picture image scanning and reproducing method capable of operating a picture image processing unit at a constant system clock even when the data transferring speed for digital picture image signals obtained by scanning an original or the data transferring speed in a picture image recording unit is changed, as well as a system suitable for use in the practice of the above method. Signals can be processed at a constant throughput owing to the provision of frequency changing means respectively at both input and output sides of the picture image processing unit. A single system clock is input to each of various processing circuits, where the system clock is converted to a desired frequency so as to operate the corresponding processing circuit. Therefore, the present invention has materialized simplification of the circuit structure and reduction of the manufacturing cost.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for collecting data on the amounts of inks to be fed, said data being useful in adjusting the feed amounts of the inks in a printing machine. Desired regions of reproduced pictures, which regions are effective for reproduction, are identified by two-dimensionally arranged addresses of plural picture elements for respective color-separated printing plates, which are adapted to produce printed matter, upon preparation of the reproduced pictures for the color-separated printing plates, thereby to divide the regions into sections adapted to sample the amounts of inks required therefor; the average values of percent halftone dot areas or picture densities in the respective sections are determined; and the average values are then filed in combination with the addresses of the corresponding sections. Printed pictures of best quality can be economically obtained by either on-line or off-line adjusting the ink fountains of the printing machine in accordance with the ink amount data.