Abstract: Disclosed is a method of preparing a thiohydrazide product compound from a hydrazide starting compound. The hydrazide starting compound is represented by Structural Formula (I): The thiohydrazide product compound is represented by Structural Formula (II): In Structural Formulas (I)-(II), R1 and R2 are independently an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aryl group or a substituted aryl group, or R1 and R2 taken together with the carbon and nitrogen atoms to which they are bonded, form a non-aromatic heterocyclic ring optionally fused to an aromatic ring. When R2 is an aryl group or a substituted aryl group, then R5 is a hydrazine protecting group; and when R2 is an aliphatic or substituted aliphatic group, then R5 is —H or a hydrazine protecting group. R10 is —H or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group. The method comprising the step of reacting the starting compound with a thionylating reagent.

Abstract: This invention features a compound of formula (I): R1 is aryl or heteroaryl; each of R2 and R4, independently, is H, halogen, CN, alkyl, ORa, or NRaRb; R3 is H, halogen, CN, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclyl, heterocyclyl, ORa, OC(O)Ra, OC(O)NRaRb, NRaRb, NRaC(O)Rb, NRaS(O)Rb, NRaS(O)2Rb, NRaC(O)NRbRc, NRaC(S)NRbRc, NRaC(NRb)NRcRd, NRaC(O)ORb, S(O)NRaRb, S(O)2NRaRb, S(O)Ra, S(O)2Ra, C(O)Ra, C(O)ORa, or C(O)NRaRb; R5 is H or alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; A is O, S, S(O), S(O)2, or NRe; B is N or CRf; X is O, S, S(O), S(O)2, NRe, or C(O); Y is a covalent bond, C(O), C?NRa, O, S, S(O), S(O)2, or NRe; Z is N or CH; each of U and V, independently, is N or CR; and W is O, S, or NRe; in which each of Ra, Rb, Rc, and Rd, independently, is H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclyl, or heterocyclyl; Re is H, alkyl, aryl, acyl, or sufonyl; and Rf is H, alkyl, aryl, acyl, sulfonyl, alkoxyl, amino, ester, amide, CN, or halogen.

Abstract: This invention relates to a composition that includes two compounds selected from a group of nine members, i.e., an ?-glucosidase inhibitor, an intestinal glucose transporter inhibitor, a glycation inhibitor, a nitric oxide production inhibitor, an aldose reductase inhibitor, a PPAR agonist, an adipocytokine activator, a glucose uptake enhancer, and a thermogenesis enhancer, in which the two compounds are two different members; and each compound is naturally occurring in a plant and is provided in the form of a plant extract. This invention also relates to a method of treating diabetes or obesity with the above-mentioned composition.

Abstract: Disclosed is a compound represented by Structural Formula (I): R1 is a substituted or unsubstituted 2-imidazolyl group which is optionally fused to a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group. Z1 is ?O, ?S, ?NOR11. R is represented by a Structural Formula selected from (II)–(VII): The variables in Structural Formulas (II)–(VII) are described herein.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of preparing a thiohydrazide product compound from a hydrazide starting compound. The hydrazide starting compound is represented by Structural Formula (I): The thiohydrazide product compound is represented by Structural Formula (II): In Structural Formulas (I)–(II), R1 and R2 are independently an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aryl group or a substituted aryl group, or R1 and R2 taken together with the carbon and nitrogen atoms to which they are bonded, form a non-aromatic heterocyclic ring optionally fused to an aromatic ring. When R2 is an aryl group or a substituted aryl group, then R5 is a hydrazine protecting group; and when R2 is an aliphatic or substituted aliphatic group, then R5 is —H or a hydrazine protecting group. R10 is —H or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group. The method comprising the step of reacting the starting compound with a thionylating reagent.

Abstract: This invention features pyrimidine compounds of formula (I): R1 is aryl, or heteroaryl; each of R2 and R4, independently, is Rc, halogen, nitro, cyano, isothionitro, SRc, or ORc; or R2 and R4, taken together, is carbonyl; R3 is Rc, alkenyl, alkynyl, ORc, OC(O)Rc, SO2Rc, S(O)Rc, S(O2)NRcRd, SRc, NRcRd, NRcCORd, NRcC(O)ORd, NRcC(O)NRcRd, NRcSO2Rd, CORc, C(O)ORc, or C(O)NRcRd; R5 is H or alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; X is O, S, S(O), S(O2), or NRc; Y is a covalent bond, CH2, C(O), C?N—Rc, C?N—ORc, C?N—SRc, O, S, S(O), S(O2), or NRc; Z is N or CH; one of U and V is N, and the other is CRc; and W is O, S, S(O), S(O2), NRc, or NC(O)Rc; in which each of Ra and Rb, independently, is H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl; and each of Rc and Rd, independently, is H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclyl, heterocyclyl, or alkylcarbonyl.

Abstract: Disclosed is a compound represented by the Structural Formula (I): Y is a covalent bond, a phenylene group or a substituted or unsubstituted straight chained hydrocarbyl group. In addition, Y, taken together with both >C=Z groups to which it is bonded, is a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group. Preferably, Y is a covalent bond or —C(R7R8)—. R1 and R2 are independently an aryl group or a substituted aryl group, R3 and R4 are independently —H, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aryl group or a substituted aryl group. R5—R6 are independently —H, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aryl group or a substituted aryl group. R7 and R8 are each independently —H, an aliphatic or substituted aliphatic group, or R7 is —H and R8 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or, R7 and R8, taken together, are a C2-C6 substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group. Z is ?O or ?S.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention is a compound represented by the Structural Formula (I): Y is a covalent bond of a substituted or unsubstituted straight chained hydrocarbyl group. In addition, Y, taken together with both >C=Z groups to which it is bonded, is a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group. Preferably, Y is a covalent bond or —C(R7R8)—. R1 is an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, a non-aromatic heterocyclic group, or a substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group, R2-R4 are independently —H, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, a non-aromatic heterocyclic group, a substituted non-aromatic heterocyclic group, an aryl group or a substituted aryl group, or R1 and R3 taken together with the carbon and nitrogen atoms to which they are bonded, and/or R2 and R4 taken together with the carbon and nitrogen atoms to which they are bonded, form a non-aromatic heterocyclic ring optionally fused to an aromatic ring.

Abstract: Disclosed is a compound represented by the Structural Formula (I): Y is a covalent bond, a phenylene group or a substituted or unsubstituted straight chained hydrocarbyl group. In addition, Y, taken together with both >C?Z groups to which it is bonded, is a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group. Preferably, Y is a covalent bond or —C(R7R8)—. R1 and R2 are independently an aryl group or a substituted aryl group, R3 and R4 are independently —H, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aryl group or a substituted aryl group. R5–R6 are independently —H, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an aryl group or a substituted aryl group. R7 and R8 are each independently —H, an aliphatic or substituted aliphatic group, or R7 is —H and R8 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or, R7 and R8, taken together, are a C2–C6 substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group. Z is ?0 or ?S.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention is a compound represented by the Structural Formula (I): Y is a covalent bond of a substituted or unsubstituted straight chained hydrocarbyl group. In addition, Y, taken together with both >C=Z groups to which it is bonded, is a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group. Preferably, Y is a covalent bond or —C(R7R8)—. R1 is an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, a non-aromatic hetereocyclic group, or a substituted non-aromatic hetereocyclic group, R2–R4 are independently —H, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, a non-aromatic hetereocyclic group, a substituted non-aromatic hetereocyclic group, an aryl group or a substituted aryl group, or R1 and R3 taken together with the carbon and nitrogen atoms to which they are bonded, and/or R2 and R4 taken together with the carbon and nitrogen atoms to which they are bonded, form a non-aromatic heterocyclic ring optionally fused to an aromatic ring.

Abstract: This invention features pyrimidine compounds of formula (I): R1 is each of R2 and R4 is H; R3 is H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclyl, heterocyclyl, or alkylcarbonyl; R5 is H or alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; X is NRc; Y is covalent bond, CH2, C(O), C?N—Rc, C?N—ORc, C?N—SRc, O, S, S(O), S(O2), or NRc; Z is N or CH; one of U and V is N, and the other is CRc; and W is O, S, S(O), S(O2), NRc, or NC(O)Rc; in which each of Ra and Rb, independently, is H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl; and Rc is H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclyl, heterocyclyl, or alkylcarbonyl.

Abstract: This invention features pyrimidine compounds of formula (I): R1 is aryl, or heteroaryl; each of R2 and R4, independently, is Rc, halogen, nitro, cyano, isothionitro, SRc, or ORc; or R2 and R4, taken together, is carbonyl; R3 is Rc, alkenyl, alkynyl, ORc, OC(O)Rc, SO2Rc, S(O)Rc, S(O2)NRcRd, SRc, NRcRd, NRcCORd, NRcC(O)ORd, NRcC(O)NRcRd; NRcSO2Rd, CORc, C(O)ORc, or C(O)NRcRd, R5 is H or alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; X is O, S, S(O), S(O2), or NRc; Y is a covalent bond, CH2, C(O), C?N—Rc, C?N—ORc, C?N—SRc, O, S, S(O), S(O2), or NRc; Z is N or CH; one of U and V is N, and the other is CRc; and W is O, S, S(O), S(O2), NRc, or NC(O)Rc; in which each of Ra and Rb, independently, is H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl; and each of Rc and Rd, independently, is H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclyl, heterocyclyl, or alkylcarbonyl.

Abstract: Disclosed is an anti-cancer compound represented by Structural Formula (I): The variables in Structural Formula (I) are described hereinbelow. Also disclosed is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent and a compound represented by Structural Formula (I) (preferably an effective amount). Also disclosed is a method of treating a subject with cancer by administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound represented by Structural Formula (I).

Abstract: This invention relates to compounds having a formula (I): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, clathrate, hydrate, prodrug or polymorph thereof wherein X is —C(Rg)?N-A. The invention also relates to methods of treating IL-12 overproduction-related disorders, methods of treating or preventing disorders related with excessive bone loss, methods for inhibiting osteoclast formation, and methods for treating or preventing a disorder associated with excessive bone resorption.

Abstract: What is claimed is a compound represented by the following structural formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or clathrate thereof. The variables for Structural Formula (I) are as described herein.

Abstract: A method of treating a subject having lung cancer or ovarian cancer, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound represented by Structural Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof: Ring A is substituted or unsubstituted and optionally fused to an aryl group. Z1 and Z2 are independently ?O, ?S, ?N—OR12 or ?NR12 R1 and R2 are independently —H, an aliphatic group, a substituted aliphatic group, an unsubstituted non-aromatic heterocylic group, a substituted non-aromatic heterocylic group, an aryl group or a substituted aryl group, provided that R1 and R2 are not both —H. Alternatively, —NR1R2, taken together, is a substituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing heteroaryl group. R3 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic group.

Abstract: This invention relates to a composition that contains quercetin, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, caffeine, folate, epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, and polypheron E.

Abstract: This invention features pyrimidine compounds of formula (I): R1 is in which one of Ra and Rb is H or alkyl, and the other is aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with Rd and Rem; each of R2 and R4 is H; R3 is H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclyl, heterocyclyl, or alkylcarbonyl; R5 is H or alkyl; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; X is NRc; Y is covalent bond, CH2, C(O), C?N—Rc, C?N—ORc, C?N—SRc, O, S, S(O), S(O2), or NRc; Z is N or CH; one of U and V is N, and the other is CRc; and W is O, S, S(O), S(O2), NRc, or NC(O)Rc; in which Rc is H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclyl, heterocyclyl, or alkylcarbonyl; Rd is halogen, CN, alkyl, alkyloxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkyloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkylamino, or alkylaminocarbonyl; Re is halogen, CN, hydroxyl, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxyl, aryloxyl, or heteroaryloxyl; and m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. The pyrimidine compounds can be used to treat an IL-12 overproduction-related disorder (e.g.

Abstract: This invention features compounds of formula (I): pharmaceutical compositions of the compounds, and methods of using the compounds for the treatment of, inter alia, IL-12-related diseases and disorders.

Abstract: This invention provides fused heterocyclic compounds, pharmaceutical compositions of, the compounds, and methods of using the compounds for the treatment of, inter alia, IL-12 related disease and disorders.

Abstract: The proportioning valve assembly (40, 140) may be screwed into a complementary-shaped opening in a master cylinder (10). The valve assembly (40, 140) includes a differential area piston (50, 150) biased by a spring (70, 170) toward the outlet (21, 121) which communicates with the rear brakes. The master cylinder (10) includes a pair of passageways (16, 18) which communicate primary fluid pressure and secondary fluid pressure directly to the differential area piston (50, 150) of the proportioning valve assembly (40, 140) to displace the piston (50, 150) to a balanced position. If there is a failure of pressure in the primary brake circuit, the proportioning valve assembly (40, 140) actuates the differential area piston (50, 150) to permit fluid flow to bypass the piston (50, 150) and be communicated directly to the rear brakes of the vehicle.