Abstract: The invention provides a sensor capable of detecting deformation. The deformation sensor has a structure in which an ion-conductive polymer layer is sandwiched between soft electrodes, wherein non-uniform ion distribution is generated in the ion-conductive polymer layer by deformation, thereby generating a potential difference between the electrodes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a deformation sensor comprising a structure in which an ion-conductive polymer layer is sandwiched between soft electrodes, wherein non-uniform ion distribution is generated in the ion-conductive polymer layer by deformation, thereby generating a potential difference between the electrodes.

Abstract: A transparent panel heater which can be used for heating a window portion of liquid crystal displays, refrigerated showcases, freezed showcases, defrosters of windshields, and the like. The panel heater has a transparent substrate, a transparent conductive film formed on the substrate, a substantially light-transmittable metallic electrode-underling-layer formed on the transparent conductive film and a pair of metallic electrodes which are provided for electrifying the conductive film and formed on the electrode-underlying-layer. The transparent conductive film is a laminate of at least one transparent thin layer made of a nitride and/or a carbide and at least one substantially light-transmittable metallic layer. The transparent conductive film and electrode-underlying-layer are preferably formed by a dry process, and the electrodes are preferably formed by a wet plating method.

Abstract: A transparent panel heater which can be used for heating a window portion of liquid crystal displays, refrigerated showcases, freezed showcases, defrosters of windshields, and the like. The panel heater has a transparent substrate, a transparent conductive film formed on the substrate, a substantially light-transmittable metallic electrode-underling-layer formed on the transparent conductive film and a pair of metallic electrodes which are provided for electrifying the conductive film and formed on the electrode-underlying-layer. The transparent conductive film is a laminate of at least one transparent thin layer made of a nitride and/or a carbide and at least one substantially light-transmittable metallic layer. The transparent conductive film and electrode-underlying-layer are preferably formed by a dry process, and the electrodes are preferably formed by a wet plating method.

Abstract: A circuit board for mounting one or more optical devices such as light receiving LSI chips and light emitting LSI chips. The circuit board has a flexible transparent substrate, a window portion which is formed as a slit-like transparent region of the transparent substrate, a plurality of electrodes for bonding the optical devices thereon provided on one surface of the substrate, a plurality of aggregated electrodes provided on the other surface on a region corresponding to the electrodes in a manner extending respectively in the longitudinal direction of the window portion and electrical connection portions penetrating the substrate. Each of the aggregated electrodes is electrically connected with two or more of the electrodes through the electrical connection portion. The circuit board will be used in, for example, an optical reader, an optical printer or the like in such a manner that the light which is coming in and/or going out of the optical device is transmitted through the window portion.

Abstract: A transparent panel heater which can be used for heating a window portion of liquid crystal displays, refrigerated showcases, freezer showcases, defrosters of windshields, and the like. The panel heater has a transparent substrate, a transparent conductive film formed on the substrate, a substantially light-transmittable metallic thin layer formed on the conductive film and a pair of electrodes for electrifying the conductive film. The metallic thin layer is preferably deposited by a dry process such as a sputtering process, an ion plating method, various CVD methods, and the like. The electrodes are preferably formed on the metallic thin layer by a wet plating method.

Abstract: The invention provides a circuit board for an optical element which is disposed in an optical reading apparatus or an optical writing apparatus and is used to irradiate document reading light upon an document or irradiate image writing light upon a photosensitive material through a lighting window thereof.

Abstract: A planar reflector is composed of a base and a flexible substrate having a high reflection layer formed thereon and overlayed on the base with an adhesive layer interposed between the high reflection layer and the base. The adhesion strength between the base and the substrate is at least 100 g/cm, and the thickness of the adhesive layer is not smaller than 0.5 .mu.m but not greater than 50 .mu.m. A curved reflector can be obtained by bending the planar reflector so that a curved surface having a radius of curvature not greater than 5 mm is formed presenting a concave surface on a side of the flexible substrate.