Abstract: An optical modulator includes a substrate having a main surface including a first area and a second area, an optical modulation portion disposed on the first area, and an optical waveguide portion disposed on the second area. The optical modulation portion includes a first mesa waveguide and an electrode connected to the first mesa waveguide. The first mesa waveguide includes a p-type semiconductor layer, a first core layer, and an n-type semiconductor layer. The optical waveguide portion includes a second mesa waveguide. The second mesa waveguide includes a first cladding layer, a second core layer, and a second cladding layer. The second core layer is optically coupled to the first core layer. The first cladding layer contains a p-type dopant and protons. The second cladding layer contains an n-type dopant.

Abstract: A control device reads power consumption, information on the delivery number and weight of a first product set, and information on the delivery number and weight of a second product set from a storage device. The control device proportionally divides the power consumption. The control device reads a first conversion formula from the storage device, and calculates CO2 emissions from transportation of the first product set from an A station to a B station and CO2 emissions from transportation of the second product set from the A station to the B station by substituting the power consumptions, into the first conversion formula.

Abstract: A management device includes a communication device and a control device. The communication device is configured to communicate with a moving object configured to transport a product from an upstream company to a downstream company. The control device is configured to calculate CO2 emissions emitted by transportation of the product based on an amount of energy consumed by the moving object from a transportation start time point to a transportation completion time point of the product.

Abstract: A management method for managing a CO2 emission amount to be emitted by producing a product, includes: reading out a first CO2 emission amount that is a CO2 emission amount per unit weight of a first raw material and a second CO2 emission amount that is a CO2 emission amount per unit weight of a second raw material; and calculating the CO2 emission amount of the product based on a CO2 emission amount to be calculated from the first CO2 emission amount and from a weight of the first raw material used to produce the product, and a CO2 emission amount to be calculated from the second CO2 emission amount and from a weight of the second raw material used to produce the product.

Abstract: A management method for management of a CO2 emission amount emitted by production of a product in a production line where a first product and a second product are produced includes acquiring a power consumption amount consumed in the production line for a predetermined period, and calculating a CO2 emission amount for each product by allocating the power consumption amount based on a ratio of a total work time required to produce the first product in the production line during the predetermined period and a total work time required to produce the second product in the production line during the predetermined period.

Abstract: A management device includes a communication unit that communicates with a company and a processor that calculates an amount of carbon dioxide emitted by manufacturing a product using a predetermined calculation method. The communication unit notifies the company of information including the amount of carbon dioxide, and the predetermined calculation method.

Abstract: A first management device provided in a first company provided upstream includes a communication unit that acquires position information of a transport vehicle when a product is transported to a second company provided downstream by the transport vehicle. In addition, the first management device includes a processor that performs control to notify the second company of information including an amount of carbon dioxide emitted by manufacturing the product, in a case where detection is made that the transport vehicle has entered premises of the second company based on the acquired position information.

Abstract: A management device of a second corporation being configured to manage at least one product delivered from a first corporation on an upstream side to the second corporation on a downstream side, includes a first controller that is configured to transmit identification information of the product to the first corporation, and a second controller that is configured to manage the product. A first management device of the first corporation is configured to transmit, based on receiving the identification information from the first controller, first information to the first controller. The first information is information based on a first carbon dioxide amount emitted due to manufacturing the product. The second controller is configured to manage the product and the first carbon dioxide amount in correlation with each other.

Abstract: A management device is configured to manage CO2 emission amounts emitted from production of products on a production line. The management device includes a storage device configured to store a unit weight of a first product and a unit weight of a second product produced on the production line, and a control device that is configured to proportionally divide an electric power consumption amount consumed on the production line over a predetermined period, based on a weight ratio of a total weight of the first product and a total weight of the second product produced on the production line over the predetermined period, and calculate the CO2 emission amount for each product.

Abstract: A management device includes a storage configured to store an amount of CO2 emissions emitted by manufacturing a secondary battery, and a controller configured to, when the secondary battery is recycled by a business operator who recycles the secondary battery, apportion the amount of CO2 emissions with the business operator according to a degree of deterioration of the secondary battery at a time of being recycled.