Abstract: In a magnetic sensor (1) including a substrate (10) having a magnetism-sensitive element (11) formed thereon, a hard membrane (14) is formed on the outermost surface, an organic film (13) to relieve the stress caused by the hard membrane (14) is formed under the hard membrane (14), and an inorganic film (12) to relieve the stress caused by the organic film (13) is formed between the organic film (13) and magnetism-sensitive element (11). Also, an intermediate film formed from an element having a large force of bonding to carbon may be formed between the organic film (13) and hard membrane (14). Thus, the magnetic sensor (MR sensor, for example) can be protected against an external shock.

Abstract: A position transducer capable of accurately detecting an n-bit code by a small number of ABS detectors when there is provided one ABS track. In an ABS head, the ABS detectors 101 to 10n+m are disposed for a distance &lgr;1 between the first ABS detector 101 and (n+m)th ABS detector 10n+m to satisfy a requirement (n−1)&lgr;+2&dgr;<&lgr;1 and a distance &lgr;2 between two successive ones of the ABS detectors to satisfy a requirement 2&dgr;<&lgr;2<&lgr;−2&dgr;, so that at least one ABS detector is opposite to a stable area T in each of micro-areas at n successive bits.

Abstract: In a scale device including a case member (8) having a guide opening (9) formed therein, seal lip members (12A, 12B), a carrier unit (13) having seal lip pressing means (22, 23) formed thereon, and a coupling member (16) which slides inside and relative to the guide opening (9), the seal lip members (12A, 12B) are pressed at end portions (12e, 12f) thereof by the seal lip pressing means (22, 23) in the vicinity of opposite end portions (16b, 16c) of the coupling member (16) to prevent the seal lip members (12A, 12B) from being spread. Thus, any gaps can be prevented from taking place between the seal lip members (12A, 12B) and coupling member (16) in the vicinity of the opposite end portions (12e, 12f) of the latter. Therefore, dust or the like can be prevented from entering the case member (8).

Abstract: There is provided a position transducer (1) capable of accurately detecting an n-bit code by n ABS detectors from one ABS track. When an INC value is under j or over k, signal output from each of the ABS detectors is binarized based on a threshold h and also based on a threshold l. First, an ABS value decider (24) decides that a bit is “H” when it has been judged as being “H” on the basis of both the thresholds and a bit is “L” when it is has been judged as being “L” on the basis of both the thresholds. When the INC value is under j, a lower bit has the same code as that of the deiced bit. So, the ABS value decider (24) decides that the lower bit is “H” or “L”. On the other hand, when the INC value is over k, an upper bit has the same code as the decided code. Thus, the ABS value decider (24) decides that the upper bit is “H” or “L”.

Abstract: A 6-aminocarbonylmethyl-4H-2,3-dioxin-4-one compounds can be produced by reacting a 6-halomethyl-4H-2,3-dioxin-4-one compound with a primary or secondary amine and carbon monoxide. The reaction may be carried out in the presence of a catalyst comprising a platinum group metal. 3-oxopentanedicarboxylic acid monoamides and 3-oxopentanedicarboxylic acid amide esters can be are produced by reacting 6-aminocarbonylmethyl-4H-2,3-dioxin-4-one compound with an alcohol or water. Using such intermediates, 6-aminocarbonylmethyl-4H-2,3-dioxin-4-one compound, 3-oxopentanedicarboxylic acid amide esters can provide in an easy and simple and efficient manner.

Abstract: A position transducer capable of accurately detecting an n-bit code by a small number of ABS detectors when there is provided one ABS track. In an ABS head, the ABS detectors 101 to 10n+m are disposed for a distance &lgr;1 between the first ABS detector 101 and (n+m)th ABS detector 10n+m to satisfy a requirement (n−1)&lgr;+2&dgr;<&lgr;1 and a distance &lgr;2 between two successive ones of the ABS detectors to satisfy a requirement 2&dgr;<&lgr;2<&lgr;−2&dgr;, so that at least one ABS detector is opposite to a stable area T in each of micro-areas at n successive bits.

Abstract: There is provided a position transducer (1) capable of accurately detecting an n-bit code by n ABS detectors from one ABS track. When an INC value is under j or over k, signal output from each of the ABS detectors is binarized based on a threshlold h and also based on a threshold l. First, an ABS value decider (24) decides that a bit is “H” when it has been judged as being “H” on the basis of both the thresholds and a bit is “L” when it is has been judged as being “L” on the basis of both the thresholds. When the INC value is under j, a lower bit has the same code as that of the deiced bit. So, the ABS value decider (24) decides that the lower bit is “H” or “L”. On the other hand, when the INC value is over k, an upper bit has the same code as the decided code. Thus, the ABS value decider (24) decides that the upper bit is “H” or “L”.

Abstract: A 6-aminocarbonylmethyl-4H-2,3-dioxin-4-one compounds can be produced by reacting a 6-halomethyl-4H-2,3-dioxin-4-one compound with a primary or secondary amine and carbon monoxide. The reaction may be carried out in the presence of a catalyst comprising a platinum group metal. 3-oxopentanedicarboxylic acid monoamides and 3-oxopentanedicarboxylic acid amide esters can be are produced by reacting 6-aminocarbonylmethyl-4H-2,3-dioxin-4-one compound with an alcohol or water. Using such intermediates, 6-aminocarbonylmethyl-4H-2,3-dioxin-4-one compound, 3-oxopentanedicarboxylic acid amide esters can provide in an easy and simple and efficient manner.

Abstract: A 6-aminocarbonylmethyl-4H-2,3-dioxin-4-one compounds can be produced by reacting a 6-halomethyl-4H-2,3-dioxin-4-one compound with a primary or secondary amine and carbon monoxide. The reaction may be carried out in the presence of a catalyst comprising a platinum group metal. 3-oxopentanedicarboxylic acid monoamides and 3-oxopentanedicarboxylic acid amide esters can be are produced by reacting 6-aminocarbonylmethyl-4H-2,3-dioxin-4-one compound with an alcohol or water. Using such intermediates, 6-aminocarbonylmethyl-4H-2,3-dioxin-4-one compound, 3-oxopentanedicarboxylic acid amide esters can provide in an easy and simple and efficient manner.

Abstract: 6-Alkoxycarbonylmethyl-4H-1,3-dioxin-4-one derivatives are produced by reacting a 6-halomethyl-4H-1,3-dioxin-4-one derivative with carbon monoxide and an alcohol or water, and 3-oxopentanedicarboxylic acid esters are further produced by reacting the above derivatives with an alcohol or water. Such a process can produce 3-oxopentanedicarboxylic acid esters in an easy and simple and efficient manner.

Abstract: 6-Alkoxycarbonylmethyl-4H-1,3-dioxin-4-one derivatives are produced by reacting a 6-halomethyl-4H-1,3-dioxin-4-one derivative with carbon monoxide and an alcohol or water, and 3-oxopentanedicarboxylic acid esters are further produced by reacting the above derivatives with an alcohol or water. Such a process can produce 3-oxopentanedicarboxylic acid esters in an easy and simple and efficient manner.

Abstract: A 6-aminocarbonylmethyl-4H-2,3-dioxin-4-one compounds can be produced by reacting a 6-halomethyl-4H-2,3-dioxin-4-one compound with a primary or secondary amine and carbon monoxide. The reaction may be carried out in the presence of a catalyst comprising a platinum group metal. 3-oxopentanedicarboxylic acid monoamides and 3-oxopentanedicarboxylic acid amide esters can be are produced by reacting 6-aminocarbonylmethyl-4H-2,3-dioxin-4-one compound with an alcohol or water. Using such intermediates, 6-aminocarbonylmethyl-4H-2,3-dioxin-4-one compound, 3-oxopentanedicarboxylic acid amide esters can provide in an easy and simple and efficient manner.

Abstract: 6-Alkoxycarbonylmethyl-4H-1,3-dioxin-4-one derivatives are produced by reacting a 6-halomethyl-4H-1,3-dioxin-4-one derivative with carbon monoxide and an alcohol or water, and 3-oxopentanedicarboxylic acid esters are further produced by reacting the above derivatives with an alcohol or water. Such a process can produce 3-oxopentanedicarboxylic acid esters in an easy and simple and efficient manner.

Abstract: Reacting a diol (1) with a carbonic ester (2) to produce a cyclic carbonic ester (3) using a salt of a weak acid with an alkaline metal or alkaline earth metal as a catalyst. The diol (1) contains diols having an asymmetric carbon atom. The reaction mixture is neutralized and distilled to obtain a cyclic carbonic ester. Cyclic carbonic esters are produced using an easily accessible and easy to handle reactant, with good yield and under mild and moderate conditions.

Abstract: A method of producing a carbonic diester involves allowing an alcohol to react with carbon monoxide and oxygen in the presence of a supported catalyst wherein the support is an activated carbon obtained from a vegetable or polymeric raw material, a support having an aluminum content of up to 2% by weight, or a support having sulfur content of up to 1% by weight.

Abstract: A catalyst for synthesizing a carbonic diester includes at least one copper compound selected from among copper oxides, copper hydroxides, a salt of copper with a weak acid consisting of the elements other than halogen such as copper borates, and complexes or complex salts consisting of the elements other than halogen and formed with copper or a copper compound a and ligand. The catalyst has a high activity, a high reaction selectivity and excellent stability with a minimal risk of corroding equipment. The catalyst can include, as a co-catalyst component, a platinum-group metal such as palladium or a halogen-free platinum-group metal compound such as palladium acetate. The catalyst component may be supported on a carrier, for example, an activated carbon. A carbonic diester is advantageously produced by allowing an alcohol to react with carbon monoxide and oxygen in the presence of the catalyst.

Abstract: A linear scale features a removable scale channel and adjustable head assembly for easy, accurate, permanent positioning on a machine tool bed or other mobile device. The scale channel, and a matching positioning tool, has balls at opposite ends engaging a socketed mounting bracket. When in use, the flexible socket coupling is clamped into immobility by removable covers over open faces of the mounting brackets. During installation, the mounting brackets engage the positioning tool rather than the scale channel and with the flexible-socket couplings free to gimbal. The mounting brackets are fixed to the machine tool at a fixed axial spacing determined by the length of the positioning tool but at whatever angular attitude best suits the supporting surface of the machine tool. The positioning tool is then removed and replaced by the scale channel. The head assembly is fixed to a stationary stand opposite the scale channel.