Abstract: A pattern formation material of this invention contains a base polymer including a first unit represented by Chemical Formula 1 and a second unit represented by Chemical Formula 2 and, and an acid generator: wherein R1 and R3 are the same or different and are a hydrogen atom, a chlorine atom, a fluorine atom, an alkyl group or an alkyl group including a fluorine atom; R2 is an atom or a group that is not released by an acid and is selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, a cyclic aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a heterocycle, an ester group and an ether group; R4 is a protecting group released by an acid; m is an integer of 0 through 5; and a and b satisfy 0<a<1, 0<b<1 and 0<a+b≦1.

Abstract: A pattern formation material of this invention contains a base polymer including a first unit represented by Chemical Formula 1 and a second unit represented by Chemical Formula 2, and an acid generator: wherein R1 and R2 are the same or different and selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a chlorine atom, a fluorine atom, an alkyl group and an alkyl group including a fluorine atom; R3 is a protecting group released by an acid; m is an integer of 0 through 5; and a and b satisfy 0<a<1,0<b<1 and 0<a+b≦1.

Abstract: Provided is a polybenzoxazole precursor having a high purity which does not contain ionic by-products. The above polybenzoxazole precursor comprises a repetitive unit represented by Formula (1): wherein A1 represents a tetravalent aromatic group; N and OH which are bonded to A1 are paired, and the respective pairs of N and OH are bonded to carbons which are adjacent to each other on the same aromatic ring; A2 represents a divalent organic group; and n represents a number of 2 to 300.

Abstract: A pattern formation material of this invention contains a base polymer including a first unit represented by Chemical Formula 1 and a second unit represented by Chemical Formula 2 and, and an acid generator: 1

Abstract: A pattern formation material of this invention contains a base polymer including a unit represented by Chemical Formula 1 and, and an acid generator: 1

Abstract: A pattern formation material contains a base polymer including a siloxane compound represented by Chemical Formula 1: wherein R1 are the same or different compounds selected from the group consisting of an alkyl compound, an ester compound, an ether compound, a sulfone compound, a sulfonyl compound and an aromatic compound.

Abstract: Provided is a polybenzoxazole precursor having a high purity which does not contain ionic by-products.

Abstract: A pattern formation material of this invention contains a base polymer including a unit represented by Chemical Formula 1 and an acid generator: 1

Abstract: A pattern formation material of this invention contains a base polymer including a first unit represented by Chemical Formula 1 and a second unit represented by Chemical Formula 2, and an acid generator: 1

Abstract: The present invention is a process for producing a polyester from a dicarboxylic acid and a diol, which comprises polycondensing the dicarboxylic acid and the diol under the presence of a distannoxane catalyst. Also, the present invention is a process for producing a polyester which comprises melt polycondensing the dicarboxylic acid and the diol under normal pressure in the presence of the distannoxane catalyst, wherein an organic solvent which dose not dissolved any of the dicarboxylic acid, the diol and the polyester produced from the dicarboxylic acid the diol is present and, whereby, two phases are mainly present.

Abstract: A pattern formation material contains a base polymer including a siloxane compound represented by Chemical Formula 1:

Abstract: A lithographic photoresist composition is provided containing novel calixarene compounds, particularly calix[4]resorcinarenes that are partially or wholly protected with acid-labile functionalities, as dissolution inhibitors. Also provided is a process for using the composition to generate resist images on a substrate is provided, i.e., in the manufacture of integrated circuits or the like.

Abstract: A polycarbonate is produced by melt-polycondensing a dihydric hydroxy compound and a bisarylcarbonate in the presence of 4-(4-methyl-1-piperidinyl)-pyridine, or a salt thereof, as a catalyst. The process of the invention eliminates the use of poisonous phosgene, prevents chloride ions from being incorporated into the product polycarbonate and remains in the reaction system longer to enable the preparation of high-molecular weight polycarbonates.

Abstract: A polycarbonate is produced by melt-polycondensing (A) a dihydric phenol with a co-monomer selected from the group consisting of (B) bisphenol carbonate, (C) bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) carbonate (D) bis(2,4,-dichlorophenyl) carbonate and (E) bis(2-cyanophenyl) carbonate in the presence of a catalyst selected from among electron-donating amine compounds and salts thereof. The process of the invention saves the use of phosgene which is poisonous and prevents the resulting polycarbonate from incorporation thereinto of chlorine ions.

Abstract: In an electric alarm device, a disk-shape housing has an opening on one surface and a substantially flat bottom surface on the other surface. A diaphragm is fixed to the periphery of the housing to close the opening of the housing. An armature is mounted within the housing and coupled to the diaphragm to move with the diaphragm. A solenoid coil unit is fixed to the housing within the housing to generate magnetic fluxes for attracting the armature. A switch is mounted within the housing to detect the movement of the diaphragm to conduct and break the current to the solenoid coil unit.

Abstract: An electromagnetic relay installed in an automobile. In this electromagnetic relay, a casing to house an electromagnetic coil therein is used as part of a magnetic circuit for reducing the size and weight of the electromagnetic relay. By doing this, there may be provided an electromagnetic relay whose construction is well adapted for use in automatic mechanical assembly of the relay.