Abstract: This invention provides a method for detecting an analyte in a sample, including a step of contacting said analyte with a nanoparticle to facilitate binding thereto, wherein the nanoparticle comprises: (i) a core; (ii) pores extending radially from said core and being defined by spaces between an array of dendritic spikes radiating outwardly from a surface of the core, wherein the pores have an average pore size of between about 10 nm and about 20 nm; (iii) a binding agent for binding the analyte; and (iv) a detection agent immobilized within said pores; to thereby detect said analyte. This invention also provides kits, compositions and products comprising said nanoparticle.

Abstract: A process for treating water contaminated with refractory organic matter, such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), comprising the following steps: (a) lowering the pH of the water for hydrolysis of organic matter; (b) subjecting the water with lowered pH to catalytic reduction by zero valent iron for organic matter degradation; (c) optionally aerating the water to oxidise the iron to ferric hydroxide; (d) optionally clarifying the water; and (e) optionally a catalytic advanced oxidation step. A system for conducting the process is also disclosed.