Abstract: A surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate includes a silicon substrate having a surface having a plurality of silicon nanostructures (Si-NSs). The silicon nanostructures have a plurality of microscale valleys, and a plurality of terraces in the microscale valleys. The SERS substrate also includes a plurality of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) disposed on the terraces of the silicon nanostructures. A method of preparing the SERS substrate, and a method for measuring SERS signal of an analyte.

Abstract: An Ag or WO3 nanoparticle decorated polymer substrate includes a treated polycarbonate (PC) substrate. The treated PC substrate has a roughened surface including polycarbonate structures in the form of circular shaped base structures covering a surface of the treated PC substrate, and nano-flowers directly grown on the circular shaped base structures. The nano-flowers have elongated petals extending therefrom. The circular shaped base structures have an average diameter of 2 to 10 micrometers (?m). The average width of the elongated petals of the nano-flowers is in a range of 60 to 400 nm. A plurality of Ag or WO3 nanoparticles are homogeneously disposed on the roughened surface of the treated PC substrate.

Abstract: A method of increasing a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signal of a compound is provided. The method includes dissolving the compound in water to form a solution, adding a substrate at least partially coated with gold nanoparticles to the solution to form a mixture, removing the substrate from the mixture and washing with water to form a SERS sample having at least a portion of molecules of the compound adsorbed to the gold nanoparticles on the substrate, and recording a SERS spectrum of the SERS sample. The gold nanoparticles are in a two-dimensional (2D) monolayer assembly on the substrate and are 10-250 nm in size. The SERS signal of the SERS spectrum is higher than a SERS signal of a SERS spectrum of the compound on the substrate without the gold nanoparticles.

Abstract: A surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-active electrode include a solid support; a porous oxide layer containing transition metal oxide nanoparticles present on a surface of the solid support and has a mean pore size of 2 to 30 nm; and at least one of noble metal nanoneedles and noble metal nanorings present on the porous oxide layer. The noble metal nanoneedles have an average length of 350-800 nm, a flat end with an average width in a range of 100-150 nm, and a pointed end. The noble metal nanorings have a thickness of 50-300 nm and are present in the form of annular clusters having various elliptical shapes with an average diameter in a range of 35-60 nm.

Abstract: A method of increasing a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signal of a compound is provided. The method includes dissolving the compound in water to form a solution, adding a substrate at least partially coated with gold nanoparticles to the solution to form a mixture, removing the substrate from the mixture and washing with water to form a SERS sample having at least a portion of molecules of the compound adsorbed to the gold nanoparticles on the substrate, and recording a SERS spectrum of the SERS sample. The gold nanoparticles are in a two-dimensional (2D) monolayer assembly on the substrate and are 10-250 nm in size. The SERS signal of the SERS spectrum is higher than a SERS signal of a SERS spectrum of the compound on the substrate without the gold nanoparticles.

Abstract: A method of increasing a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signal of a compound is provided. The method includes dissolving the compound in water to form a solution, adding a substrate at least partially coated with gold nanoparticles to the solution to form a mixture, removing the substrate from the mixture and washing with water to form a SERS sample having at least a portion of molecules of the compound adsorbed to the gold nanoparticles on the substrate, and recording a SERS spectrum of the SERS sample. The gold nanoparticles are in a two-dimensional (2D) monolayer assembly on the substrate and are 10-250 nm in size. The SERS signal of the SERS spectrum is higher than a SERS signal of a SERS spectrum of the compound on the substrate without the gold nanoparticles.

Abstract: A method of increasing a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signal of a compound is provided. The method includes dissolving the compound in water to form a solution, adding a substrate at least partially coated with gold nanoparticles to the solution to form a mixture, removing the substrate from the mixture and washing with water to form a SERS sample having at least a portion of molecules of the compound adsorbed to the gold nanoparticles on the substrate, and recording a SERS spectrum of the SERS sample. The gold nanoparticles are in a two-dimensional (2D) monolayer assembly on the substrate and are 10-250 nm in size. The SERS signal of the SERS spectrum is higher than a SERS signal of a SERS spectrum of the compound on the substrate without the gold nanoparticles.

Abstract: A method of increasing a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signal of a compound is provided. The method includes dissolving the compound in water to form a solution, adding a substrate at least partially coated with gold nanoparticles to the solution to form a mixture, removing the substrate from the mixture and washing with water to form a SERS sample having at least a portion of molecules of the compound adsorbed to the gold nanoparticles on the substrate, and recording a SERS spectrum of the SERS sample. The gold nanoparticles are in a two-dimensional (2D) monolayer assembly on the substrate and are 10-250 nm in size. The SERS signal of the SERS spectrum is higher than a SERS signal of a SERS spectrum of the compound on the substrate without the gold nanoparticles.

Abstract: A method of increasing a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signal of a compound is provided. The method includes dissolving the compound in water to form a solution, adding a substrate at least partially coated with gold nanoparticles to the solution to form a mixture, removing the substrate from the mixture and washing with water to form a SERS sample having at least a portion of molecules of the compound adsorbed to the gold nanoparticles on the substrate, and recording a SERS spectrum of the SERS sample. The gold nanoparticles are in a two-dimensional (2D) monolayer assembly on the substrate and are 10-250 nm in size. The SERS signal of the SERS spectrum is higher than a SERS signal of a SERS spectrum of the compound on the substrate without the gold nanoparticles.

Abstract: A surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-active electrode include a solid support; a porous oxide layer containing transition metal oxide nanoparticles present on a surface of the solid support and has a mean pore size of 2 to 30 nm; and at least one of noble metal nanoneedles and noble metal nanorings present on the porous oxide layer. The noble metal nanoneedles have an average length of 350-800 nm, a flat end with an average width in a range of 100-150 nm, and a pointed end. The noble metal nanorings have a thickness of 50-300 nm and are present in the form of annular clusters having various elliptical shapes with an average diameter in a range of 35-60 nm.

Abstract: A surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-active electrode include a solid support; a porous oxide layer containing transition metal oxide nanoparticles present on a surface of the solid support and has a mean pore size of 2 to 30 nm; and at least one of noble metal nanoneedles and noble metal nanorings present on the porous oxide layer. The noble metal nanoneedles have an average length of 350-800 nm, a flat end with an average width in a range of 100-150 nm, and a pointed end. The noble metal nanorings have a thickness of 50-300 nm and are present in the form of annular clusters having various elliptical shapes with an average diameter in a range of 35-60 nm.

Abstract: A method of increasing a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signal of a compound is provided. The method includes dissolving the compound in water to form a solution, adding a substrate at least partially coated with gold nanoparticles to the solution to form a mixture, removing the substrate from the mixture and washing with water to form a SERS sample having at least a portion of molecules of the compound adsorbed to the gold nanoparticles on the substrate, and recording a SERS spectrum of the SERS sample. The gold nanoparticles are in a two-dimensional (2D) monolayer assembly on the substrate and are 10-250 nm in size. The SERS signal of the SERS spectrum is higher than a SERS signal of a SERS spectrum of the compound on the substrate without the gold nanoparticles.

Abstract: A surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-active electrode include a solid support; a porous oxide layer containing transition metal oxide nanoparticles present on a surface of the solid support and has a mean pore size of 2 to 30 nm; and at least one of noble metal nanoneedles and noble metal nanorings present on the porous oxide layer. The noble metal nanoneedles have an average length of 350-800 nm, a flat end with an average width in a range of 100-150 nm, and a pointed end. The noble metal nanorings have a thickness of 50-300 nm and are present in the form of annular clusters having various elliptical shapes with an average diameter in a range of 35-60 nm.

Abstract: A surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-active electrode include a solid support; a porous oxide layer containing transition metal oxide nanoparticles present on a surface of the solid support and has a mean pore size of 2 to 30 nm; and at least one of noble metal nanoneedles and noble metal nanorings present on the porous oxide layer. The noble metal nanoneedles have an average length of 350-800 nm, a flat end with an average width in a range of 100-150 nm, and a pointed end. The noble metal nanorings have a thickness of 50-300 nm and are present in the form of annular clusters having various elliptical shapes with an average diameter in a range of 35-60 nm.

Abstract: A surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-active electrode include a solid support; a porous oxide layer containing transition metal oxide nanoparticles present on a surface of the solid support and has a mean pore size of 2 to 30 nm; and at least one of noble metal nanoneedles and noble metal nanorings present on the porous oxide layer. The noble metal nanoneedles have an average length of 350-800 nm, a flat end with an average width in a range of 100-150 nm, and a pointed end. The noble metal nanorings have a thickness of 50-300 nm and are present in the form of annular clusters having various elliptical shapes with an average diameter in a range of 35-60 nm.

Abstract: A surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-active electrode include a solid support; a porous oxide layer containing transition metal oxide nanoparticles present on a surface of the solid support and has a mean pore size of 2 to 30 nm; and at least one of noble metal nanoneedles and noble metal nanorings present on the porous oxide layer. The noble metal nanoneedles have an average length of 350-800 nm, a flat end with an average width in a range of 100-150 nm, and a pointed end. The noble metal nanorings have a thickness of 50-300 nm and are present in the form of annular clusters having various elliptical shapes with an average diameter in a range of 35-60 nm.

Abstract: A surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate includes a silicon substrate having a surface having a plurality of silicon nanostructures (Si-NSs). The silicon nanostructures have a plurality of microscale valleys, and a plurality of terraces in the microscale valleys. The SERS substrate also includes a plurality of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) disposed on the terraces of the silicon nanostructures. A method of preparing the SERS substrate, and a method for measuring SERS signal of an analyte.

Abstract: A surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-active electrode include a solid support; a porous oxide layer containing transition metal oxide nanoparticles present on a surface of the solid support and has a mean pore size of 2 to 30 nm; and at least one of noble metal nanoneedles and noble metal nanorings present on the porous oxide layer. The noble metal nanoneedles have an average length of 350-800 nm, a flat end with an average width in a range of 100-150 nm, and a pointed end. The noble metal nanorings have a thickness of 50-300 nm and are present in the form of annular clusters having various elliptical shapes with an average diameter in a range of 35-60 nm.

Abstract: A wind turbine control apparatus, method and non-transitory computer-readable medium are disclosed. The wind turbine control apparatus comprises a generator connected to a wind turbine with a drive train. The drive train comprises a rotor, a low speed shaft, a gear box, a high speed shaft, and a controller module. The controller module is configured to obtain a maximum power within a large range of varying wind velocities by operating the rotor at a neural network determined optimal angular speed for the current wind velocity.

Abstract: A wind turbine control apparatus, method and non-transitory computer-readable medium are disclosed. The wind turbine control apparatus comprises a generator connected to a wind turbine with a drive train. The drive train comprises a rotor, a low speed shaft, a gear box, a high speed shaft, and a controller module. The controller module is configured to obtain a maximum power within a large range of varying wind velocities by operating the rotor at a neural network determined optimal angular speed for the current wind velocity.