Abstract: Satellites provide connectivity in remote and rural areas as well as providing applications and services elsewhere on earth and in space. Existing satellite networks will be increasingly augmented by ultra-dense deployments of interconnected satellites providing low Earth orbit (LEO) constellations. However, such satellites only offer short-term line-of-sight access requiring ongoing handovers during the duration of a terminal’s access. Accordingly, to exploit these LEO constellations the inventors have established methodologies exploiting distributed massive multiple-input multiple-output technology for a user terminal to be connected to a cluster of LEO satellites.

Abstract: A system and methods for conducting Internet based financial transactions between a client and a server. The client has a processor, a printer, a client authentication module, a module for issuing a transaction request, and a unique digital signature. The server has a network including a transaction server, a transaction database, a server authentication module, and a receipt generation module. An internet connection is used between the client and the server network. The transaction execution system includes authentication, wherein the client authentication module and the server authentication modules communicate via the internet connection and are authenticated to each other.