Abstract: A soiling detection apparatus operable to detect a soiling level of a photovoltaic panel. The apparatus comprising a photovoltaic panel operable to generate an electrical output in response to light being incident on the panel and in dependence upon a soiling level of the photovoltaic panel. The apparatus comprises a pyranometer operable to generate an irradiance signal which relates to an irradiance level of light incident on the pyranometer. The pyranometer is positioned with respect to the photovoltaic panel such that the photovoltaic panel and the pyranometer can receive substantially the same solar radiation level as each other. The apparatus comprises calculating means operable to calculate a reference output value from the irradiance signal which relates to an ideal electrical output of the photovoltaic panel at a predetermined operating condition.

Abstract: The invention relates to sucrose isomerases, to DNA sequences that code for sucrose isomerases, and to novel processes for the production of non-cariogenic sugars.

Abstract: The invention relates to a novel palatinose condensation product which is obtained by condensing the disaccharide palatinose in a molten mass of palatinose, water and an organic acid.

Abstract: The invention relates to sucrose isomerases, to DNA sequences that code for sucrose isomerases, and to novel processes for the production of non-cariogenic sugars.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a transgenic plant which can produce isomaltulose, a transgenic plant which can produce 6-O-&agr;-D-glucopyranosyl-D-sorbitol, a transgenic plant which can produce 1-O-&agr;-D-glucopyranosyl-D-mannitol, a transgenic plant which can produce a mixture of 1,6-GPs and 1,1-GPM, propagation and harvest material from these plants, and a process for producing these transgenic plants.

Abstract: The invention relates to sucrose isomerases, to DNA sequences that code for sucrose isomerases, and to novel processes for the production of non-cariogenic sugars.

Abstract: The invention relates to sucrose isomerases, to DNA sequences that code for sucrose isomerases, and to novel processes for the production of non-cariogenic sugars.

Abstract: The invention relates to sucrose isomerases, to DNA sequences that code for sucrose isomerases, and to novel processes for the production of non-cariogenic sugars.

Abstract: The invention relates to sucrose isomerases, to DNA sequences coding therefor, and to novel processes for the production of non-cariogenic sugars.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of long-chain inulin having an average chain length greater than 20 monomer units while simultaneously obtaining glucose and fructose is performed. An aqueous crude inulin suspension with a crude inulin concentration of 20-70% by weight is subjected to enzymatic treatment with inulinase at temperatures of 30.degree.-70.degree. C. During the process the short-chain components are degraded to mono- and disaccharides, and the long-chain inulins are then separated off from the mono- and disaccharides and converted into dry form. The long chain inulins may be separated from the mono- and disaccharides by crystallization by cooling and centrifugation or chromatographically using a strongly acidic cation exchange resin loaded with calcium ions.